苏北沿海沉积物的化学组成和重金属特征

苏北沿海沉积物的主要矿物组成为石英、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石，主元素化学成分变化较大，反映沉积物物质组成差异大。重金属元素分析显示，Cd的富集系数明显高于其它元素，较高的还有Cu和Cr，Hg元素大多低于背景值；连云港、射阳、启东三个地方的变异系数较高，反映它们受人类活动影响大。比较连云港区沉积物不同时间的重金属含量发现，几乎所有重金属都明显增加，特别是新港区。对照沉积物质量标准，Cr的污染最严重，其次是Cd、Cu和As。     

Relationships between Danish organic farming and landscape composition

This article presents an investigation of relationships between organic farming and landscape composition in Denmark. Landscape composition was analysed in terms of density of uncultivated landscape elements (I), number of land uses per hectare (II), diversity of land use (III) and mean field size (IV). Two analytical approaches were used. The first was based on an examination of the national agricultural registers for 1998, 2001 and 2004. The second approach used aerial photo interpretation for an analysis of 72 conventional and 40 organic farms within three sample areas for 1982, 1995 and 2002. The national analysis indicated that organic farming has a direct effect on landscape composition. In 2001, organic farms were characterised by a higher number of land uses per ha, a higher land use diversity and smaller mean field sizes. From 1998 to 2004, conversion to organic farming was related to an increasing number of land uses per ha, increasing land-use diversity and decreasing mean field sizes. Relationships between organic farming and landscape composition were independent of variations in regional location, farm size or farm size change. At the level of sample areas, a significant relationship between organic farming and landscape composition was only found for densities of small biotopes. However, when differences in farm size and physical geographical conditions between conventional and organic farms were taken into account, several significant differences in landscape composition were clarified in two of the three sample areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape composition following conversion to organic farming were largely biased by the characteristics of the sample areas. Thus, in contrast to the national level, the sample area study indicated that differences in landscape composition between organic and conventional farms were not a direct implication of organic farming practices, but were related to variations within other parameters and to the location of organically farmed land.     

应用陆地卫星TM图象编制闽北土壤图(1:10万)的方法研究

以TM原图象合成的标准假彩色和似自然色图象作目视解译为主,根据土壤及其相关地物的野外光谱测定数据,分析其影象色调特征;用TM 7个波段原始黑白图象作对比解译,以预测不同地物的彩色合或效果并选择最佳合成方案;用TM6热红外图象作假彩色等密度分割处理,以提取随海而异的地面温度场和土壤类型垂直分带信息;用TM比值图象及其假彩色合成处理,以逐步增强并提取土壤信息;最后参照同比例尺地质图和地形图等相关资料,完成土壤图的编制。     

Embedded reservoir and constructed wetland for drinking water source protection: Effects on nutrient removal and phytoplankton succession

An embedded reservoir that provides an efficient nutrient removal system protects drinking water.However,embedded reservoirs are rarely used in eutrophic shallow lakes because of their undetermined nutrient retention efficiency and unknown effects by the phytoplankton community.In this study,we aim to investigate the nutrient retention and algae succession in an embedded reservoir and adjacent wetland from April 2017 to September 2018 in the eastern part of Lake Taihu,China.More than 40% of total phosphorus(TP) and 45% of particulate phosphorous entering the reservoir were retained semiannually,and the highest TP removal efficiency was achieved in the reservoir during autumn with an average value of 53.3% ± 9.9%.The overall nitrogen retention efficiency(21.7% ± 37.8%) was lower than that of TP(41.8% ± 27.8%).Similar trends were obtained in the wetland area.An important pathway for phosphorus removal is through particulate matter retention.Our study revealed that nutrient retention mechanisms in the reservoir were primarily via macrophyte absorption,particulate substance sedimentation,and prolonged water residence time.Consequently,the phytoplankton biomass(Chl-a) in the reservoir decreased(from 48.0 to 25.2 μg/L) and water transparency improved,due to the decreased P level and transformation of the phytoplankton group into simple structures with good ecological status.Therefore,the combination of embedded reservoir and constructed wetland ecosystem can be used successfully to protect surface water.The results will be advantageous to groups seeking to preserve drinking water sources.     

城市河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状与污染行为

河流是微塑料从陆地向海洋传输的关键路径,在近年来得到了越来越多的研究重视.但实际上,目前关于城市不同区域河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状及污染行为研究仍十分有限,相关问题依然不甚清晰.本文以上海市中心城区及郊区城镇区域的8条河道作为研究对象,共采集16个河道表层水及沉积物样品,采用高速摄像仪和傅立叶红外变换光谱仪鉴定样品中微塑料的丰度、尺寸、颜色、形状和类型等特征.结果表明,上海市城市河道表层水中微塑料的平均丰度为(7.5±2.8)个·L~(-1),而沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度(以湿重计)则达到了(1 575.5±758.4)个·kg~(-1).微塑料尺寸越小丰度越高.其中,低于500μm、纤维状、透明色和聚酯类的微塑料始终在上海市城市河道中占据主导地位,但沉积物中的微塑料分布更具多样性.相对于国内外其他城市河道中的微塑料污染,上海市城市河道中的微塑料污染较为严重.不同城市河道中,微塑料的形状和聚合物类型分布受到来源(主要为洗衣废水、个人护理产品和塑料废弃物等)、水动力学条件和本身理化性质等各种因素的较大影响.还进一步讨论了城市河道中微塑料的污染行为(来源、传输与归趋),并解析了各种环境因子对其造成的潜在影响.     

样品量对河流沉积物组分分析结果的影响

在完全相同的实验条件下 ,将 GSD-9水系沉积物作为监控样品 ,对河流表层沉积物 (<63 μm粒级部分 )取不同重量进行消化并用 ICP-AES法分析测定主要元素 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn、Ti,分析的准确度大于 94% ,分析结果相对标准偏差小于 5 % ,说明消化过程和分析结果是可信的。通过对四条不同河流黄河、赣江、汾河和辽河沉积物样品量与元素分析结果之间的关系图发现 ,在样品量小于 2 0 mg的情况下 ,总体会造成分析结果较大的波动 ,实验数据很难保证 ,而当样品量达到 2 0 mg以上 ,测定结果逐渐趋于平稳基本呈水平线 ,在 5 0～ 2 5 0 mg之间分析结果最为稳定。因此为了保证测定结果的准确性 ,河流表层沉积物的样品量至少应保证大于 2 0 mg。     

施用生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征影响

为研究玉米秸秆生物质炭施用后土壤腐殖质组成和土壤胡敏酸结构的变化,选择腐殖质组成修改法和国际腐殖质协会推荐的方法进行土壤腐殖质组分提取和HA样品纯化,采用重铬酸钾外加热法和TOC分析仪测定土壤、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)有机碳含量,采用元素组成和红外光谱分析HA的结构变化.研究结果表明:施入玉米秸秆生物质炭后,表层和亚表层土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量均有不同程度的提高,表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量增加幅度较大,分别增加了83.61%、112.50%、89.63%、91.78%和89.82%,说明玉米秸秆生物质炭的施用更有助于表层土壤有机碳的积累;PQ值(HA在腐殖酸中的比例)略有增加;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性增强,氧化度降低.此外,施用玉米秸秆生物质炭后,土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,与表层相比,亚表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量分别下降了62.84%、52.94%、62.38%、66.62%和61.61%;土壤PQ值略有降低;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性降低,氧化度增加.     

成都市大气细颗粒物组成和污染特征分析(2012-2013年)

为了解成都市大气细颗粒物的污染特征,于2012年5月-2013年5月在成都市城区开展了每6 d采集1次样品的长期颗粒物观测.利用十万分之一分析天平、热光碳分析仪、离子色谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分别分析了颗粒物样品的质量浓度、有机碳/元素碳、水溶性离子、无机元素等,同步收集了污染物在线观测数据、气象数据和卫星遥感数据.结果表明,采样期间,成都市可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)和细粒子(PM_2.5)浓度颗粒物浓度分别高达(129.7±76.4)和(91.6±54.3) μg·m^-3,PM_2.5中以二次无机离子(SNA,43.6%)和有机物(OM,31.2%)污染最为突出,其次为土壤组分(Soil,13.8%)、元素碳(EC,5.0%)和微量元素(Trace,0.8%);1月、3月、5月和10月是污染较重的月份.通过比较揭示了不同污染源影响下的典型污染特征.生物质燃烧期间,成都城区PM_2.5浓度达214.3 μg·m^-3,PM_2.5/PM₁₀比达0.89,其中OM贡献增加至57.2%,K⁺浓度达8.7 μg·m^-3,OC/EC比达8.3,SNA比重下降;而沙尘传输期间,PM_2.5浓度为122.6 μg·m^-3,仅占PM₁₀浓度的0.28,PM_2.5中土壤组分比例剧增至77.3%,SNA和无机元素的比重明显下降;静稳天气下PM_2.5浓度为261.0 μg·m^-3,各组分比重并无明显变化,硝酸盐和铵盐比例稍有增加.     

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.     

Being trusted: How team generational age diversity promotes and undermines trust in cross‐boundary relationships

We examine how demographic context influences the trust that boundary spanners experience in their dyadic relationships with clients. Because of the salience of age as a demographic characteristic as well as the increasing prevalence of age diversity and intergenerational conflict in the workplace, we focus on team age diversity as a demographic social context that affects trust between boundary spanners and their clients. Using social categorization theory and theories of social capital, we develop and test our contextual argument that a boundary spanner's experience of being trusted is influenced by the social categorization processes that occur in dyadic interactions with a specific client and, simultaneously, by similar social categorization processes that influence the degree to which the client team as a whole serves as a cooperative resource for demographically similar versus dissimilar boundary spanner–client dyads. Using a sample of 168 senior boundary spanners from the consulting industry, we find that generational diversity among client team members from a client organization undermines the perception of being trusted within homogeneous boundary spanner–client dyads while it enhances the perception of being trusted within heterogeneous dyads. The perception of being trusted is an important aspect of cross‐boundary relationships because it influences coordination and the costs associated with coordination. © 2015 The Author Journal of Organizational Behavior Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd