Determination of chemical characterizations of activated carbons from various raw materials

The objectives of this research were to identify the surface chemical features of activated carbons made of peat, bituminous coal and coconut shell, as well as examine the specific relationship of these properties by using statistical analyses. The results showed that the peat carbons contained much more amounts of Ca, S, P and Mg; however, the bituminous carbons possessed higher contents of Si, Al and Fe. In addition, the content ratios of Al to Si exhibited the Al enrichment phenomenon occurred after the heat treatment. A nonlinear correlation between the pH value and the difference in the amounts of basic and acidic groups was developed. Unfortunately, there were no specific mass ratios found among the acidic functional groups. The results of correspondence analysis (CA) gave a promising confirmation about the EDXRF analysis; moreover, the results of factor analysis (FA) fairly agreed with the findings suggested by CA. Both could explain the specific chemical features of activated carbons made from different materials, especially the CA could differentiate each other in detail.     

运用相对组成探针技术研究青藏高原POPs大气传输与来源

为探讨青藏高原大气POPs(持久性有机污染物)空间分布趋势、来源和传输特征,应用POPs相对组成探针技术对16个大气被动采样观测点的数据进行分析,将青藏高原空间尺度上的采样点聚为不同的组,以探讨污染物来源及大气传输过程. 结果表明:青藏高原大气中的HCB(六氯苯)主要来自于本地燃烧,其中人类活动较为频繁的城镇(波密、格尔木、玉树、拉萨、工布江达、拉孜、那曲)具有较高的HCB相对组成(25%～74%). 青藏高原南缘(包括珠峰、然乌、萨嘎)以南亚正在使用的农药——HCHs(六六六)和α-Endo(硫丹)为特征(二者的相对组成之和超过了40%),凸显了南亚污染排放经长距离传输对青藏高原的影响. 剔除HCB影响后,青藏高原中部、东南部河谷地区(鲁朗、拉孜、拉萨、日喀则、工布江达、昌都)及那曲、狮泉河因具有较高的o,p'-DDT相对组成而聚为一组,平均值为40%,表明这些采样点可能受到本地污染排放的影响.      

Acid Deposition in the Tuscan Appennines During the Dry Period 1988-89

The typical parameters of acid precipitation are evaluated in the forest of Vallombrosa (Tuscan Appennines) during the dry period 1988-89. Individual rain events (dry and wet deposition) were sampled in a clearing of the forest and below the canopy of an evergreen tree as well as a deciduous broadleaf tree.

In atmospheric precipitation the pH values usually vary around 4.4, with neutralization in the hot season due to calcareous material from distant sources. Relatively large concentrations of Pb and Cd are found in rain, but only in a small amount in canopy leachate. Aluminium, manganese and iron are more significantly washed off than Pb and Cd.     

Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition,Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

Abstract

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO _x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^?9 cm³ s^?1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO _x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO _x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235–460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO _x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.     

A multi-scale approach to modelling spatial and dynamic ecological patterns for reservoir's water quality management

With growing levels of urbanization and agriculture throughout the world, it is increasingly important that both research and management efforts take into account the effects of this widespread landscape alteration and its consequences for natural systems. Freshwater ecosystems, namely reservoirs, are particularly sensitive to land use changes. In this context, modelling can be very useful, for decision support, as an investigative tool to forecast the outcome of various scenarios, to guide current management in order to meet future targets and to develop integrated frameworks for management accordingly to the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The present paper examined the applicability of a holistic Stochastic-Dynamic Methodology (StDM), coupled with a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in capturing how expected changes at land use level will alter the ecological status of lentic ecosystems, namely at physicochemical and biological levels. The methodology was applied to Portuguese reservoirs located in the Douro's basin and illustrated with a series of stochastic-dynamic and spatial outputs taking into account expected scenarios regarding land use changes. Overall, the simulation results are encouraging since they seem to demonstrate the tool reliability in capturing the stochastic environmental dynamics of the selected metrics facing spatial explicit scenarios. The ultimate goal was to couple monitoring assessment and the described modelling techniques to ease management and decision making regarding the practical implementation of the WFD, both at the scale of the reservoir body and at the scale of the respective river watershed dynamics.     

北京一次混合型重污染过程大气颗粒物元素组分分析

针对北京2013年1月的一次混合型大气重污染过程,于2012年12月31日—2013年1月18日在中国环境科学研究院大气环境研究所楼顶采集了TSP和PM₁₀样品,分析了其中的元素组分. 结果表明,逆温和静稳天气是导致此次大气污染的主要气象条件. 重污染期(2013年1月11—15日)北京大气ρ(TSP)和ρ(PM₁₀)的日均值分别为426.34和363.46 μg/m3,分别是非污染期(2013年1月2—6日)的3.5和3.4倍;而重污染期TSP和PM₁₀中ρ(无机元素)分别为36.38和18.67 μg/m3,是非污染期的2.2和1.6倍,低于颗粒物质量浓度升幅. 元素质量浓度特征和EF(富集因子)分析表明,Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Fe的质量浓度之和占总元素质量浓度的90%以上,其EF均小于10,属地壳类元素,重污染期各元素质量浓度未明显升高;Mn、Cr和Ni 3种元素的EF在研究过程中无明显变化;重污染期PM₁₀中w(Cd)(0.05%)、w(Zn)(3.34%)、w(As)(0.22%)、w(Pb)(3.54%)、w(Mo)(0.03%)、w(Sn)(0.14%)和w(Tl)(0.03%)明显升高,并且这7种元素重污染期与非污染期的质量浓度比值和EF都较高,其来源主要为燃煤、移动源、工业源和垃圾焚烧等人为源. 重污染期本地源对TSP和PM₁₀的贡献略有增加.      

贵州省2002年酸雨污染情况分析

为了准确及时地掌握贵州省的酸雨污染现状和发展趋势,为全省的酸雨控制提供科学依据,于2002 年3月至2003年2月在贵州省全省范围内进行年度降水pH值和离子组分监测。监测结果显示:全省降水pH年均值为5.38,个别城市降水pH年均值为4.31,酸雨污染比较严重;酸雨污染季节性明显,冬季酸雨出现频率高,影响范围广;酸雨的地域分布表现为以黔中为十字圆心,四个顶点遵义、都匀、安顺、凯里酸雨率高,而城市中心区酸雨污染较城郊严重;全省的酸雨污染主要是煤烟型污染。     

Distribution of phytoplankton community and its influence factors in an urban river network,East China

To reveal the distribution characteristics of phytoplankton and the main influence factors under different conditions in the urban rivers, the investigations were conducted during autumn and winter 2014 in Changzhou City, East China. 178 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to 28 functional assemblages were identified. In autumn, the phytoplankton community compositions have high similarity for enhanced hydrological connectivity. The chlorophytes and diatoms (prevailing functional groups C, F, J, P), together with euglenoids (W1), showed high proportions of biomass in the main rivers and connected rivers. It was related to the well mixed eutrophic conditions. The phytoplankton community exhibited spatiotemporal heterogeneity in winter. Affected by the low water level and temperature, the free-living phytoflagellates (X2) replaced groups F and J in the main rivers. Phytoplankton productivity was the highest in the Tongji River. Chlorophytes Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum and Chlamydobotrys stellata had an overwhelming superiority during the winter bloom. They were significantly correlated with ammonium, total phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand. Affected by tail water supply, the diatoms (MP) and euglenoids (W1) dominated in a beheaded river. The multivariate analyses based on the phytoplankton functional groups helped to evaluate the relationships and variations between the urban rivers. The redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that nitrate nitrogen, water temperature, total nitrogen and total suspended solids were the main influence factors on the phytoplankton community. Except MP, the prevailing groups all showed significant negative correlations with nitrate nitrogen. Availability and utilization of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and hydrodynamic conditions affected the phytoplankton distribution.

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沈阳市不同功能区挥发性有机物分布特征及臭氧生成潜势

采用德国AMA-GC 5000在线气相色谱仪对沈阳市的工业区、交通区和文教混合区这3个不同功能区进行大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）观测,分析沈阳市不同功能区大气VOCs的分布特征,并利用最大增量反应活性（MIR）估算了大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）.结果表明,沈阳市大气VOCs平均总浓度为（82.19±54.99）μg ·m^-3,其中,采暖期浓度高于非采暖期,且工业区浓度较交通区和文教混合区明显偏高.VOCs浓度日变化曲线中,受早晚交通高峰影响为主的交通区和文教混合区呈双峰特征,工业区受工厂不定时运作排放影响存在多峰.交通区和文教混合区VOCs组分占比表现为：烷烃>芳香烃>烯烃>炔烃,但工业区炔烃占比高于烯烃,由B/T和E/A比值反映交通区和文教混合区受机动车尾气排放和燃料燃烧共同影响,工业区还受石油化工影响产生新鲜气团较多,且采暖期较非采暖期老化气团多.沈阳市大气VOCs的OFP贡献均值为232.89μg ·m^-3,烯烃组分对各功能区贡献均占第一,且工业区的芳香烃组分因浓度高贡献也较大.     

贫营养条件下IAMBR污泥微生物群落结构的演变

采用PCR-DGGE技术并结合系统处理效果研究了贫营养条件下IAMBR污泥微生物群落结构,结果表明:IAMBR污泥中总细菌多样性特征、相似性特征和种群归属特征具有高度的协同性.运行前18天,氨氮去除率由95%降至73%后增加至82%,同时SVI值由123.7mL/g升至135.2mL/g再降至128.4mL/g.微生物群落在试验末期演替剧烈,总细菌相似性指数下降到63.6%,SVI值最终升至132.5mL/g.通过克隆测序分析,IAMBR系统中微生物菌种大部分为未培养菌种,其中亚硝化螺菌属占据优势地位,说明贫营养环境对IAMBR微生物群落产生不良影响,污泥微生物功能性指向明显,即硝化功能菌占据优势地位.