三峡库区蓄水期和非蓄水期附石藻类群落变化及其影响因子分析

以三峡库区重庆段奉节地区草堂河、梅溪河和大溪河三条支流为研究区域,对蓄水期和非蓄水期库区支流的非回水区和回水区(常年回水区和变动回水区)附石藻类组成及其相关环境因素进行分析.结果表明,3条支流共发现附石藻类103种,隶属4门45属,非回水区67种,隶属3门34属,回水区82种(常年回水区64种,变动回水区41种),隶属4门34属.蓄水期,非回水区优势种为变异直链藻、扁圆卵形藻、普通等片藻、锉刀布纹藻和巨颤藻,回水区优势种为变异直链藻、近缘桥弯藻、普通等片藻、高山立方藻和颗粒直链藻;非蓄水期,非回水区优势种为变异直链藻、近缘桥弯藻和扁圆卵形藻,回水区优势种为巨颤藻、岩栖颤藻、美丽颤藻、尖针杆藻、丝藻、优美平裂藻和小颤藻,表明非蓄水期不同河段优势藻种差异显著,而蓄水期不同河段优势藻种差异较小;非回水区不同时期优势藻种无明显差异,在非蓄水期常年回水区和变动回水区优势种属差异相对较小,而蓄水期差异较大.冗余(RDA)分析表明,附石藻类组成变化是温度、电导率(SPC)、p H、总氮(TN)和总磷浓度(TP)等环境因子共同作用的结果,各样点优势藻种细胞密度变化主要受氮、磷元素浓度变化的影响.这些结果表明库区不同水文情势不仅影响支流水体环境,而且对底栖藻类组成变化起着重要的作用.     

合肥市PM2.5和PM10中元素组成特征及重污染成因分析

通过对合肥市2018年大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)样品的采集,结合对样品中无机元素的测试分析,研究了PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中的元素组成特征,并根据合肥市重污染天气和非污染天气下大气颗粒物中元素组成的差异性分析,探讨了合肥市重污染天气的主要污染物来源与成因.结果表明,本研究所检测的16种元素中,Si、Al、Mg和Ca这4种地壳元素在重污染天气的质量浓度较非污染天气低,可能是重污染状况下的静风天气引起的地面扬尘减少所造成的; S、Na、K、Cl、Ti、Fe、P、Cu和Ni等元素在重污染天气的质量浓度较非污染天气高,其中S元素的增幅最大,在重污染天气所占的比重和富集因子也大大提升,表明燃煤排放源是合肥地区重污染天气的主要污染成因;重金属元素含量低、富集因子大,其主要来源可能为垃圾焚烧、机动车和工业排放.     

Response of C and N cycles to N fertilization in Sphagnum and Molinia-dominated peat mesocosms

Plant communities play an important role in the C-sink function of peatlands. However, global change and local perturbations are expected to modify peatland plant communities, leading to a shift from Sphagnum mosses to vascular plants. Most studies have focused on the direct effects of modification in plant communities or of global change (such as climate warming, N fertilization) in peatlands without considering interactions between these disturbances that may alter peatlands' C function. We set up a mesocosm experiment to investigate how Greenhouse Gas (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) fluxes, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved N (TN) contents are affected by a shift from Sphagnum mosses to Molinia caerulea dominated peatlands combined with N fertilization. Increasing N deposition did not alter the C fluxes (CO₂ exchanges, CH₄ emissions) or DOC content. The lack of N effect on the C cycle seems due to the capacity of Sphagnum to efficiently immobilize N. Nevertheless, N supply increased the N₂O emissions, which were also controlled by the plant communities with the presence of Molinia caerulea reducing N₂O emissions in the Sphagnum mesocosms. Our study highlights the role of the vegetation composition on the C and N fluxes in peatlands and their responses to the N deposition. Future research should now consider the climate change in interaction to plants community modifications due to their controls of peatland sensitivity to environmental conditions.     

侵蚀程度差异诱发的坡面产流-产沙-总磷流失特征

为了研究不同侵蚀程度下土壤坡面产流产沙及携磷流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县风化花岗岩母质上发育的坡地土壤为研究对象,选择侵蚀强度不同的出露土层(分别为砂土层(A组)和红土层(B组))两组土壤进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明:坡地磷素流失主要以侵蚀泥沙为主,径流携磷流失中以地表径流携带流失为主,壤中流磷素流失量较小;由于土壤机械组成、容重的差异,B组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量远小于A组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量;雨强对坡面径流中磷素流失浓度的影响明显,坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失浓度相差极大;两组土壤坡面径流量受雨强的影响基本一致,均为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1),不同的是红土层土壤坡面径流产流量较大且变幅小;随雨强增加两组土壤壤中流变化特征差异明显,红土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为90 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1) 30 mm·h~(-1)150 mm·h~(-1),砂土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1);侵蚀泥沙富集较小颗粒(粉粒、粘粒)和磷素,其磷含量均高于试验用土磷含量;雨强越大,土壤细颗粒含量越高,侵蚀泥沙产量越大.     

Nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) and N2O reduction along the littoral gradient of a eutrophic freshwater lake

Lake littoral zones are characterized by heterogeneity in the biogeochemistry of nutrient elements. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance and N2O reduction. Five samples (deep sediment, near-transition sediment, transition site, near-transition land and land soil) were collected along a littoral gradient of eutrophic Baiyangdian Lake, North China. To investigate the relationship between the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community structure and N2O reduction, the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance, potential denitrification rate (DNR) and potential N2O production rate (pN2O) were investigated using molecular biological technologies and laboratory incubation experiments. The results showed that the average DNR of sediments was about 25 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 282.5 nmol N/(g dry weight (dw)·hr) and that the average pN2O of sediments was about 3.5 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 15.7 nmol N/(g dw·hr). In the land area, the nosZ gene abundance showed a negative correlation with the N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio, indicating that nosZ gene abundance dominated N2O reduction both in the surface soils of the land area and in the soil core of the transition site.Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the nosZ sequences recovered from sediment clustered closely with the isolates Azospirillum largimobile and Azospirillum irakense affiliated to Rhodospirillaceae in alpha-Proteobacteria, while about 92.3% (12/13) of the nosZ sequences recovered from land soil affiliated to Rhizobiaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae in α-Proteobacteria. The community composition of nosZ gene-encoding denitrifiers appeared to be coupled with N2O reduction along the littoral gradient.     

珠江三角洲地区亚运期间颗粒物污染特征

为研究2010年广州亚运会期间珠江三角洲地区颗粒物污染特征,2010年11月11日—30日分别在广州市区城市点及下风向鹤山区域点采集24h颗粒物样品,对其主要化学组分(有机碳OC、元素碳EC和水溶性离子)进行测量.结果显示,观测期间广州和鹤山PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(73.3±16.5)μg·m-3和(98.2±20.8)μg·m-3.鹤山PM10平均浓度高达131.6μg·m-3,且PM2.5占PM10的74%,表明区域PM2.5污染凸显.广州和鹤山PM2.5中二次无机离子(SNA)分别占39%和42%,有机物(OM)分别占31%和26%,EC分别占5%和6%.根据EC示踪法粗略估算,广州和鹤山PM2.5中一次有机碳POC分别占15%和13%,二次有机碳SOC分别占4%和3%.总体上,广州和鹤山PM2.5中二次生成(SNA+SOA)均约占50%,表明珠江三角洲地区PM2.5区域性二次污染的特征.广州市区PM2.5及SNA、Cl-和EC明显低于区域点鹤山浓度水平;与2004年同期研究(PRIDE-PRD2004)结果相比,气象条件相似,而广州市区PM2.5及EC浓度分别显著降低达29.6μg·m-3(29%)和3.5μg·m-3(49%),反映出亚运期间一次排放得到有效控制.     

16届亚运会期间广州城区PM2.5化学组分特征及其对霾天气的影响

于2010年11月4～30日在广州城区每天昼夜各采集一个PM2.5样品.对样品进行有机碳、元素碳和水溶性离子分析,同步收集了在线PM2.5浓度、大气消光系数(bext)以及气象因子,探讨了PM2.5特征及其与大气消光系数的关系,并利用修正后的IMPROVE消光系数方程重建大气消光系数.结果发现:亚运期间PM2.5日均值质量浓度为(77.0±24.4)μg·m-3,比亚运前低27.8%.PM2.5和相对湿度是导致霾天气的重要因素.亚运期间大气消光系数为418 Mm-1,比亚运前低28.3%,(NH4)2SO4、POM(particulate organic material)和LAC(light-absorbing carbon)是主要贡献因子,贡献率达到87.0%.广州及其周边城市采取的减排措施对于缓解亚运期间广州城区的霾天气作用明显.     

基于稳定同位素和水化学成分的西南喀斯特流域径流划分

针对喀斯特流域下垫面空间异质性强,地表、地下径流转化复杂的特点,本文选择贵州陈旗实验小流域,根据实地调查流域内水源位置以及同位素、水化学样品的采集,将流域内水源划分为地表水(仅当强降雨时发生)、表层岩溶带水和深层地下水,采用稳定同位素和水化学成分组合方法划分了流域出口径流的水源成分。结果表明:降雨期间,坡面地表径流所占比例较少,小于10%,表层岩溶带所占比例在28%～45%之间,地下径流所占比例在49%～62%之间;降雨过程中表层岩溶带径流比例增大,地下径流比例减少。降雨过后,表层岩溶带径流比例迅速减少、地下径流比例呈现增加趋势;地下径流是无雨期流域出口断面径流的主要组成部分,无雨期地下径流占地下暗河出口径流量68%～88%。     

Chemical composition of different size ultrafine particulate matter measured by nanoparticle chemical ionization mass spectrometer

New particle formation (NPF) is the primary source of nanoparticles and contributes a large number of concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei. In recent years, field campaigns and laboratory experiments have been conducted to promote cognition of the mechanism for NPF and its following growth processes. The chemical composition measurement of nanoparticles could help deepen understanding of the initial step of particulate matter formation. In this work, we developed a nanoparticle chemical ionization mass spectrometer to measure nanoparticles' chemical compositions during their initial growth stage. Meanwhile, a non-radioactive ion source was designed for aerosol charging and chemical ionization. Time of flight mass spectrometer coupled with integrated aerosol size selection and collection module would guarantee the picogram level detection limit and high-resolution ability to measure the matrix of ambient samples. The performance of this equipment was overall evaluated, including the transmission efficiency and collection efficiency of custom-built nano differential mobility analyzer, chemical ionization efficiency, and mass resolution of the mass spectrometer. The high sensitivity measurement of ammonium sulfate and methylammonium sulfate aerosols with diameters ranging from 10 to 25 nm could guarantee the application of this instrument in the ambient measurement.     

Relationships between Danish organic farming and landscape composition

This article presents an investigation of relationships between organic farming and landscape composition in Denmark. Landscape composition was analysed in terms of density of uncultivated landscape elements (I), number of land uses per hectare (II), diversity of land use (III) and mean field size (IV). Two analytical approaches were used. The first was based on an examination of the national agricultural registers for 1998, 2001 and 2004. The second approach used aerial photo interpretation for an analysis of 72 conventional and 40 organic farms within three sample areas for 1982, 1995 and 2002. The national analysis indicated that organic farming has a direct effect on landscape composition. In 2001, organic farms were characterised by a higher number of land uses per ha, a higher land use diversity and smaller mean field sizes. From 1998 to 2004, conversion to organic farming was related to an increasing number of land uses per ha, increasing land-use diversity and decreasing mean field sizes. Relationships between organic farming and landscape composition were independent of variations in regional location, farm size or farm size change. At the level of sample areas, a significant relationship between organic farming and landscape composition was only found for densities of small biotopes. However, when differences in farm size and physical geographical conditions between conventional and organic farms were taken into account, several significant differences in landscape composition were clarified in two of the three sample areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape composition following conversion to organic farming were largely biased by the characteristics of the sample areas. Thus, in contrast to the national level, the sample area study indicated that differences in landscape composition between organic and conventional farms were not a direct implication of organic farming practices, but were related to variations within other parameters and to the location of organically farmed land.