盾构隧道内大客车人员下车试验及数值模拟研究

为研究盾构隧道火灾时大客车人员构成比例及满载系数对下车时间影响,采用现场试验及Pathfinder数值模拟,分析不同人员构成比例及满载系数下大客车人员下车过程。结果表明:不考虑人员疏散反应时间情况,大客车下车时间为54～68 s,大客车平均下车时间为60.68 s,每位人员平均下车时间为1.22 s;老人下车时间最长,成年女士下车时间最短,成年男士与儿童下车时间基本相等。当老人比例在30%~80%范围变化时,下车时间随老人比例增大显著增加;成年女士比例对大客车下车时间影响较小;大客车人员下车时间与满载系数相关,随满载系数增加而增加,并趋于正比例函数关系。     

Role of small mammals in natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the right-bank region of Saratov oblast

Small mammal communities inhabiting natural and anthropogenically transformed areas of the right-bank region of Saratov oblast are fairly similar in species composition. They are represented by wide-spread, common species that, against the background of a low population density of typical steppe species, make a major contribution to the community. The highest ecological tolerance is characteristic of the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius, which is widespread in the study region and dominates in the majority of natural biotopes and in agrocenoses; the common vole Microtus arvalis is scarce in agrocenoses.     

污水处理厂中浮游生物群落DNA指纹及其与水质指标的关系

以武汉龙王嘴污水处理系统为研究对象,揭示了污水处理各阶段中浮游生物群落的DNA指纹拓扑结构,进而探索了其与浮游生物群落结构和环境理化因子的关系.首先建立了污水处理系统中浮游生物群落总DNA提取方法,然后用原核与真核特异性引物对流程(A2/O氧化沟工艺)中不同阶段的浮游生物群落总DNA进行PCR扩增,用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)检测,并对平行水样分别进行常规理化因子和浮游生物物种的检测与鉴定.结果显示,各采样点理化因子、物种组成与浮游生物DNA指纹的统计分析结果十分吻合.厌氧、缺氧和好氧阶段间差异较小,进水、出水分别与其它采样点间差异较大.研究结果表明,污水中浮游生物群落具有丰富的多样性,其DNA指纹在空间距离较短的污水处理过程中发生了改变,而且其改变的趋势与生物组成和理化指标的趋势相符,说明浮游生物群落DNA指纹与水质指标密切相关.     

Diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids in simple and complex landscapes

Structurally complex landscapes may enhance local species richness and interactions, which is possibly due to a higher species pool in complex landscapes. This hypothesis was tested using cereal aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) by comparing 12 winter wheat fields in structurally complex landscapes (>50% semi-natural habitats; n = 6) and structurally simple landscapes dominated by agricultural lands (>80% arable land; n = 6). Surprisingly, landscape structural complexity had no effect on aphid parasitoid species diversity. In complex landscapes 12 and in simple landscapes 11 species were found; 9 species occurred in both landscape types. Hence, arable fields in high-intensity agricultural landscapes with little non-crop area can support a similar diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids as structurally complex landscapes. This finding suggests that cereal aphid parasitoids may find necessary resources even in simple landscapes, making generalisations concerning the relationship between landscape composition and biodiversity in arable fields difficult.     

基于实测的建筑类涂料挥发性有机物(VOCs)含量水平及组分特征

选取内墙涂料、外墙涂料、防水涂料、地坪涂料、防腐涂料5类建筑涂料为研究对象,通过对企业生产与市场销售的涂料抽检获取涂料样品,利用国内建筑涂料挥发性有机化合物标准检测方法,对其VOCs含量水平及组分特征进行检测.结果表明,内墙涂料与外墙涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于0~145 g·L~(-1)与0~171 g·L~(-1)之间,内墙面漆、内墙底漆、外墙面漆与外墙底漆符合HJ 2537-2014中VOCs含量限值的样品数分别占抽检样品总数的90%、80%、96%与94%,VOCs含量水平较低.90%以上聚合物水泥防水涂料与丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液防水涂料VOCs含量水平都小于10 g·L~(-1),聚氨酯防水涂料VOCs含量水平处于1~324 g·L~(-1)之间.溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平总体很高,溶剂型防腐涂料与溶剂型地坪涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于291~681 g·L~(-1)与16~580 g·L~(-1),不同成分与不同品牌溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平有很大差异.水性建筑涂料中VOCs物种占比最高的是1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇,其次是甲醇与2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇,不同品牌涂料使用的醇类物质种类与比例不同.溶剂型建筑涂料中VOCs物种主要包括甲苯、乙苯、间/邻/对二甲苯等芳香烃类,乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯与乙酸异丁酯等酯类.     

EGR组分对煤液化柴油颗粒排放的影响

为研究废气再循环（EGR）对煤液化柴油颗粒粒径分布,微观形貌,组成元素以及氧化特性的影响,运用扫描电镜（SEM）,透射电镜（TEM）和热重试验的方法,通过改变EGR率（0% EGR,15% EGR）和废气组分（15% N₂,15% CO₂和30% CO₂）采集了柴油机燃用煤液化柴油的颗粒,分析了颗粒微观结构和氧化特性.结果表明,EGR率小于15%时,颗粒粒径呈单峰正态分布.在0% EGR,15% EGR,15% N₂,15% CO₂氛围下,颗粒粒径分布的峰值粒径分别为60.4,60.4,69.8,52.3nm.引入30% CO₂时,颗粒粒径呈双峰正态分布,粒径分别在14.3nm和52.3nm.引入EGR和N₂后,颗粒群变得紧凑,不易氧化.引入CO₂后,颗粒群变得疏松,易于氧化.不采用EGR,颗粒结构主要呈链状,引入15% EGR和15% N₂,颗粒结构主要呈团簇状.     

南京北郊早春霾污染过程及硫酸盐形成研究

对2016年3月南京北郊PM_2.5进行采样分析,通过样品中的水溶性离子（Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）和碳质组分（OC、EC）,探讨霾污染的特征、来源及硫酸盐形成机制.结果表明,采样期间南京北郊PM_2.5平均浓度（103.22±48.5）µg/m³.污染天二次硫酸盐的形成与NO₂对SO₂的氧化相关性较强,而O₃的氧化作用影响较小;清洁天则相反.污染天,具有酸度缓冲作用的矿物粉尘使得气溶胶颗粒物总体呈弱碱性,而碱性环境下又更利于二次硫酸盐的形成.南京北郊早春二次污染严重,SOC主要由大气中碳氢化合物与O₃发生光氧化反应生成.污染天主要排放源为机动车尾气排放,其次是生物质和煤炭燃烧;清洁天主要排放源为煤炭燃烧和扬尘,机动车尾气影响较小.     

河北香河亚微米气溶胶组分特性、来源及其演变规律分析

霾的形成发展与细颗粒物化学组分变化紧密相关.本文利用颗粒物化学组分监测仪(ACSM)、黑碳仪等对河北香河夏季亚微米气溶胶(PM1)化学组分、来源及其演变规律进行详细分析.结果表明,PM1平均占到PM2.5的约71%,PM1主要分布在20~80μg·m-3间;观测期间有显著的秸秆燃烧事件,秸秆燃烧时段PM1质量浓度显著升高,其中有机物质量分数迅速升高,平均约占到47%;秸秆燃烧使得大气气溶胶由弱碱性转变为弱酸性;整个观测期间,正交矩阵因子分解法(PMF)共识别出4类有机气溶胶,分别为两种一次有机气溶胶(类烃类有机气溶胶和生物质燃烧有机气溶胶)和两种二次有机气溶胶(低挥发、高氧化性的有机气溶胶和低氧化、半挥发性的有机气溶胶),有机气溶胶氧化程度较高.其中二次有机气溶胶的贡献远大于一次有机气溶胶,平均占到有机物的~69%,而去除秸秆燃烧时段后PMF结果中未解析出生物质燃烧有机气溶胶.     

和田市城区PM2.5化学组成特征及来源分析

为了解中国极干旱区域和田市城区大气PM_2.5的组成特征及污染水平,于2014年1-12月采集和田市城区大气PM_2.5样品,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、离子色谱仪（IC）、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）及元素分析仪分析其中PAHs（多环芳烃）、金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC（有机碳）和EC（元素碳）等化学组分.结果表明,采样期间和田市城区大气PM_2.5质量浓度年均值为（770.11±568.01）μg/m3,呈夏季最高、冬季最低趋势;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC、∑₁₆ PAHs（总多环芳烃）分别占PM_2.5质量浓度的15.292%、9.789%、4.246%、0.331%、0.015%.利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解法）分别对PM_2.5中PAHs和金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC进行来源解析表明,PAHs主要来源为煤和汽油燃烧排放（13.91%）、生物质燃烧（33.98%）、天然气燃烧（52.11%）;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC的主要来源为土壤尘（56.49%）、油类燃烧（25.49%）、机动车排放（10.09%）、燃煤及生物质燃烧（7.93%）.研究显示,采样期间沙尘对和田市城区大气PM_2.5组成影响较大,是该地区大气污染来源的主要因素.      

Contemporary Western Rural USA Economic Composition: Potential Implications for Environmental Policy and Research

/ The rural West of the United States is considered strongly antienvironment. The traditional economic reliance of the area on natural resources has long explained this antienvironment stance. The region consistently elects federal officials who as a group consistently vote against environmental bills and seek to undo existing federal environmental regulation. These politicians defend their antienvironment actions based on their perception of the economic composition and interests of the region. Recent studies, however, have suggested that rural residents are increasingly concerned about environmental issues. These studies, however, lack a consistent theoretical basis. This article uses an alternative economic typing system to examine the economic composition of rural Idaho and suggests that the results found using the alternative typing system might provide a theoretical basis to explain why some studies are finding increased rural environmental support. The results show that rural Idaho is much more economically diverse using this alternative typing methodology compared to the outcomes of traditional USDA economic methodologies. The policy and research implications of these findings are examined.KEY WORDS: Rural; Environmental policy; Economic composition