Depth profiles of radiocarbon and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter and CO2 in a forest soil

Depth profiles of the specific activities of (14)C and carbon isotopic compositions (Delta(14)C, delta(13)C) in soil organic matter and soil CO(2) in a Japanese larch forest were determined. For investigating the transport of CO(2) in soil, specific activities of (14)C, Delta(14)C and delta(13)C in the organic layer, and atmospheric CO(2) in the same forest area were also determined. The specific activity of (14)C and Delta(14)C in the soil organic matter decreased with the increase in depth of 0-60cm, while that of soil CO(2) did not vary greatly at a soil depth of 13-73cm and was more prevalent than that of atmospheric CO(2). Peaks of specific activities of (14)C appeared at the depth of 0-4cm and Delta(14)C values were positive in the depth range from 0 to 15cm. These results suggest that the present soil at a depth of 0-4cm had been produced from the mid-1950s up until 1963, and the bomb C had reached the depth of 15cm in the objective soil area. The delta(13)C in the soil organic matter increased at the depth of 0-55cm, while that of soil CO(2) collected on 8 November 2004 decreased rapidly at the depth of 0-13cm and only slightly at the depth of 53-73cm. By combining the Delta(14)C and delta(13)C of the respective components and using the Keeling plot approach it was made clear that the entering of atmospheric CO(2) showed a large contribution to soil CO(2) at the depth of 0-13cm and a negligible contribution at the depth of 53-73cm for soil air collected on 8 November 2004. Respiration of live roots was presumed to be the main source of soil CO(2) at the depth of 53-73cm on 8 November 2004.     

Sorption of heavy metals in strongly weathered soils: an overview

Current knowledge of sorption processes in tropical soils is reviewed. Landscapes throughout the tropics are dominated by oxisols which occupy extensive areas of potentially highly productive soils. These soils are dominated by low-activity sesquioxide minerals and clays that have variable charge surfaces. The limited information on tropical soils available suggests that the composition of the ambient soil solution can influence sorption through changes in particle surface-charge density. Thus the observed decrease in sorption in the presence of divalent index cations may be related to the effect of ionic charge on the double-layer thickness which is manifested through a change in surface-charge characteristics. However, much work needs to be done to differentiate the effect of cation charge on surface-charge density from the competitive effect between the index cation and heavy-metal ions for the sorption sites. The effects of inorganic and organic ligands on adsorption of Cd by variable charge surfaces are also reviewed.     

Impact of soluble organic matter and particulate organic matter on anammox system: Performance,microbial community and N2O production

In this study,the effects of soluble readily biodegradable COD (sCOD) and particulate slowly biodegradable COD (pCOD) on anammox process were investigated.The results of the longterm experiment indicated that a low sCOD/N ratio of 0.5 could accelerate the anammox and denitrification activity,to reach as high as 84.9%±2.8% TN removal efficiency.Partial denitrification-anammox (PDN/anammox) and denitrification were proposed as the major pathways for nitrogen removal,accounting for 91.3% and 8.7% o...     

基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子技术联用的湖泊浮游藻化学分类学研究

浮游藻荧光分析技术因其能够实现现场、快速、低成本测定而受到广泛研究和应用.本研究以浮游藻活体三维荧光光谱(EEM)为基础,利用平行因子(PARAFAC)和CHEMTAX发展了浮游藻群落组成荧光分析技术.首先,将PARAFAC模型应用于23种浮游藻的EEM,通过残差分析、荧光成分谱形分析等方法确定浮游藻EEM由12个荧光成分组成;然后,利用Bayesian判别分析表明浮游藻12个荧光成分的组成具有明显的门类特征性;最后,以获得的12个荧光成分构建浮游藻"荧光成分比值矩阵",结合CHEMTAX建立浮游藻荧光识别分析技术.通过测试表明,该技术对531个单种藻样品的平均识别正确率是99.1%,其中,绿藻的识别正确率为97.5%,其余藻的识别正确率为100%.对于95个实验室混合样品,优势藻和次优势藻的平均识别正确率分别为98.5%和90.5%;测定的平均相对含量分别为69.7%和26.4%.结果表明,本研究所建立的EEM-PARAFAC-CHEMTAX方法能够实现浮游藻群落组成的快速定性定量测定.     

大气棕色碳的研究进展与方向

有机气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分.近年来,部分有机气溶胶被证实在紫外-近可见光波段能进行有效光吸收.吸光有机气溶胶(即棕色碳)已成为当前国际大气环境领域的研究热点之一,其吸光贡献对辐射强迫、区域空气质量、全球气候变化的影响备受关注.中国城市群区域大气复合污染严重,2013年1月以来,大尺度区域能见度降低、灰霾现象频繁发生.研究表明,中国大气棕色碳的负荷高,其重要贡献源类如生物质与化石燃料燃烧等排放量大,棕色碳在中国大气细颗粒物总消光中的贡献及其辐射强迫亟需评估.然而,棕色碳的基础研究还较为薄弱,特别是对它的组成及来源的认识仍十分有限.本文旨在指出在中国开展大气棕色碳研究的紧迫性和必要性,并从棕色碳的来源、组成、测量方法、浓度分布、光学特性、辐射强迫贡献等角度介绍目前国际研究进展,提出现有问题与不足,以及对未来研究方向的建议,以促进对棕色碳的认识与了解,为中国在该领域的研究提供参考和依据.     

烧结过程NOx和SO2形成规律及烧结料组成对NOx排放的影响

采用烧结杯实验方法,研究了烧结过程NOx和SO2的形成规律,以及焦粉含量、含水率和添加助剂对烧结过程NOx排放的影响.结果表明,烧结启动后,烧结带自上而下逐层推进,烧结带以下各断面NOx浓度基本相同.烧结带产生的SO2先被待烧结料吸附蓄积,再被热解析出,最后从底部排出,因此只在烧结最后阶段出口能检测到较高浓度的SO2,且SO2浓度与时间的关系呈倒V形曲线.烧结过程产生的NOx以热力型为主,而且绝大部分为NO,NO2浓度非常低.降低焦粉含量和含水率,或添加烧结助剂均有助于降低NOx排放.     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Particle number concentration, size distribution and chemical composition during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution as well as size-resolved particle chemical composition were measured during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai in 2009. The number of haze days accounted for 43%, of which 30% was severe （visibility 〈 2 km） and moderate （2 km 〈 visibility 〈 3 km） haze, mainly distributed in winter and spring. The mean particle number concentration was about 17,000/cm3 in haze, more than 2 times that in clean days. The greatest increase of particle number concentration was in 0.5-1μm and 1-10 μm size fractions during haze events, about 17.78 times and 8.78 times those of clean days. The largest increase of particle number concentration was within 50-100 nm and 100-200 nm fractions during photochemical smog episodes, about 5.89 times and 4.29 times those of clean days. The particle volume concentration and surface concentration in haze, photochemical smog and clean days were 102, 49, 15 μm3/cm3 and 949, 649, 206 μm2/cm3, respectively. As haze events got more severe, the number concentration of particles smaller than 50 nm decreased, but the particles of 50-200 nm and 0.5-1μm increased. The diurnal variation of particle number concentration showed a bimodal pattern in haze days. All soluble ions were increased during haze events, of which NH4, SO24- and NO3 increased great/y, followed by Na＋, IC, Ca2＋ and CI-. These ions were very different in size-resolved particles during haze and photochemical smog episodes.     

调水调沙工程长期实施对黄河口近岸沉积物粒度分布与黏土矿物组成特征的影响

基于对2013年10月获取的黄河口近岸海域28个沉积物样品的激光粒度分析和X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,探讨了调水调沙工程长期实施对沉积物粒度分布以及蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石这4种矿物组成特征的影响.结果表明,2002年调水调沙工程实施以来,黄河口近岸海域的沉积物粒度尽管在砂含量上(平均约占23.5%)较渤海海域和黄河沉积物高,但仍主要以粉砂为主(平均约占59.1%),黏土组分相对较少(平均约占17.4%).黄河口近岸海域的黏土矿物组成与黄河沉积物的组成相近,但较调水调沙工程实施前存在较大差异,其不同组分含量整体表现为伊利石蒙皂石绿泥石高岭石.研究发现,相对渤海海域大范围的研究,对黄河口近岸海域的局部研究更能揭示调水调沙工程长期实施对河口沉积环境的影响.     

2013年12月上海市重度污染期间细颗粒物化学特征与输送轨迹影响

2013年12月我国中东部地区发生多场大范围高强度的颗粒物污染. 期间,本研究采用在线连续观测手段测量了上海市城区大气中气态污染物、颗粒物的质量浓度、细颗粒物的化学组分等,获得了浮尘污染、灰霾污染、雾霾污染、长距离传输的过境污染过程中颗粒物的污染特征变化. 观测结果显示,雾霾污染最为严重,PM₁₀和PM_2.5日均最大浓度分别达到536 μg ·m^-3和411 μg ·m^-3,PM_2.5/PM₁₀高达76.7%,高湿度加强了大气颗粒物中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺等二次组分的生成. 浮尘污染中PM_2.5的Ca²⁺浓度在所有污染过程中最高,且PM_2.5中一次组分比重明显上升. 长距离传输的过境污染中PM_2.5的SO₄^2-浓度最高,且增长速度很快. 同时本研究还采用Hysplit反向轨迹结合聚类分析方法,得到了不同污染过程中到达上海的主要气团轨迹,并结合上海城区在线观测的PM_2.5及其化学组分浓度数据,探讨了不同气团下PM_2.5组分特征差异和不同污染过程的大致来源. 结果表明,观测期间上海的气团轨迹可以聚类为六类. 其中,移动速度快的cluster6出现时,上海市不易出现颗粒物污染; 始于蒙古的cluster2和cluster3导致上海出现沙尘污染,该气团下PM_2.5/PM₁₀的比例都较低,且PM_2.5中Ca²⁺浓度较高. 移动缓慢的cluster5和cluster4有利于污染物的二次生成,静稳天气同时加剧了污染物的累积,加上他们经海上夹带水汽传输至上海,这些不利条件是导致上海出现严重污染的关键因素.