上海市街道尘埃中碳组分污染特征

通过测定上海市街道尘埃碳组分含量,探讨有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）的相关性,并使用特征比值法讨论街道尘埃的主要污染来源;同时,对比分析了街道尘埃磁学参数与碳组分含量的关系.结果表明,OC、EC具有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.84,表明颗粒物存在相同的污染源;OC/EC为1.82,表明上海市街道尘埃存在二次污染,结合SEM形貌分析判别上海市颗粒物污染的主要来源;同时碳组分与磁学参数存在一定的相关关系,磁学参数（χ_LF、SIRM、χ_ARM）在一定程度上可以指示上海市街道尘埃的碳组分含量及其二次污染水平.     

梯级水库设计洪水地区组成研究中的JC法

工程上分析设计洪水地区组成时，希望能够求得最不利情况与最可能情况的权衡点，然而按照现行规范中提出的方法却难以达到这一目的，尤其对于梯级水库。引入JC法进行了梯级洪水地区组成研究，直接寻求最不利的洪水组成情况，该法还可定量计算设计洪水风险，为现行洪水地区组成方案研究提供了新思路和新方法。     

生物炭与氮肥复施对镉污染水稻土修复效应及机制

重金属镉(Cd)污染已严重影响土壤健康,威胁农产品生产安全利用.因此采用盆栽试验,以Cd污染水稻土为供试土壤,研究生物炭(BC)、不同氮肥施用水平2.6 g·pot^-1(N1)、 3.5 g·pot^-1(N2)、 4.4 g·pot^-1(N3)和生物炭配施氮肥(BCN1、 BCN2、 BCN3)对土壤Cd形态、水稻体内Cd富集和转运以及土壤酶活性的影响,并通过高通量测序分析土壤微生物菌群变化和微生物间复杂的相互作用关系.结果表明,生物炭配施氮肥处理下土壤Cd由活性较高的可交换态向活性低的残渣态转化,可交换态Cd含量较对照降低了6.2%～14.7%,残渣态Cd含量提高了18.6%～26.4%.单一氮肥处理增强了水稻根部Cd的富集能力,提高了22%～33.5%,单一生物炭和配施氮肥处理下水稻根部Cd的富集能力、 Cd从茎叶向稻壳和稻壳向稻米的转运系数均下降.BCN处理总体上促进了土壤酶活性(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶),MiSeq测序显示生物炭配施氮肥提高了土壤细菌主要物种相对丰度(如Acidobacteriale...     

基于WRFDA-Chem的中国大气成分数据再分析方法研究

大气成分数据是开展空气质量预报、认识大气污染形成机理、评估空气污染各种效应的基础,而融合了模式结果和观测资料的大气成分再分析数据则有更广泛的应用价值.本文基于WRFDA-Chem空气质量模型和三维变分同化技术,逐时同化地面站点污染物浓度观测资料 （包括PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、SO₂、NO₂及CO）,建立了大气成分数据再分析的方法.以2019年7月和12月为例,构建空间分辨率为10 km、时间分辨率为1 h的全国大气成分再分析数据,并对该方法的性能进行了检验.结果表明,经过再分析后的大气成分数据的时间变化趋势和空间分布得到显著改善,其中,7月PM_2.5 和O₃的平均偏差分别降低了55%和39%,相关系数分别提升了77%和7%,达到0.80和0.98;12月PM_2.5 和O₃的平均偏差分别降低了55%和68%,相关系数分别提升了58%和13%,达到0.98和0.98.综合而言,基于WRFDA-Chem逐小时同化全国站点空气质量监测资料,能够得到高时空分辨率的大气成分再分析数据,可以为认识我国大气污染的演变特征和制定科学的管控措施提供有效支撑.     

Analysis of herbicide residues by gas chromatography

The extraction and clean‐up, and gas Chromatographic conditions for the detection and determination of herbicides, their metabolites and related compounds are reviewed. The literature material is examined critically in the text and presented in tabular form for quick reference. The section dealing with extraction/clean‐up techniques is sub‐divided with respect to water, soil, plant material, animal, fish and micro‐organisms. Under eight herbicide group headings the important gas Chromatographic parameters such as stationary phase, support phase, column temperature and mode of detection are tabulated. Also tabulated are the application of various detectors to herbicide analyses and limits of detection where information was available. Most commonly used liquid and support phases are listed and their frequency of use given. Different aspects of derivative formation used for the positive identification and quantitation of herbicides are discussed with emphasis on esterification, alkylation and silylation. Other important conversion techniques are outlined, particularly those associated with enhancement of sensitivity e.g. bromination, iodination, dinitrophenylation etc. Efforts that have been made towards general and automated analytical methods are discussed.     

Assessment of the effects of a port expansion on algae appearance in a costal bay through mathematical modelling. Application to San Lorenzo Bay (North Spain)

In the last years several episodes of algae appearance affecting bathing areas have been observed in San Lorenzo Bay (north of Spain). The analysis of the collected algae revealed that they might come from near intertidal or shallow subtidal zones due to eutrophication processes or through drift algae movement by the action of marine currents. In the vicinity of this area, the expansion of the Port of Gijón (now under construction) supposes a significant modification of the coastal geometry. The magnitude of such an expansion could cause changes in the patterns of currents in the bay, with the consequent alteration of the observed algal appearance phenomena. A mathematical modelling study to evaluate the risk of generation of eutrophication processes in the San Lorenzo Bay area and the transport of drift algae from near sea bed areas was developed. This study required the use of different hydrodynamic models in order to characterize the currents caused by tides, winds and waves. The eutrophication processes in the bay were analyzed with a depth-averaged two-dimensional eutrophication model which deals with eight water quality variables. Calibration of model parameters with the observed data from a field survey was performed. A reasonable agreement with the field measurements was achieved. Model results showed that the maximum phytoplankton concentrations were below eutrophic conditions. Although, the port expansion has led to an increment of phytoplankton concentrations, chlorophyll a levels were not representative of eutrophic conditions. To analyse the transport of drift algae, a methodology based on the utilization of a two-dimensional model which solves the depth-averaged advection-diffusion equation considering seaweed as a conservative tracer was developed and applied. Numerical modelling allowed the identification of the coastal areas that seems to be the source of the seaweed found on the beach. It was also proven that port expansion does not significantly affect drift algae transport in the area.     

东江流域土壤、植被和悬浮物的碳、氮同位素组成

碳、氮同位素值对监测流域植被组成、环境变迁是一种非常有效的指标,为中短时间尺度环境变化研究提供了一条新的途径。以亚热带山区的东江流域为例,以流域内的植被、土壤及水体悬浮物为研究对象,应用其有机质同位素组成（δ13C、δ15N）,揭示流域植被的成分和环境变化的信息。研究发现：东江流域土壤碳同位素、C/N比值差值不大;植被的氮同位素差值明显,C/N比值差异较大。对东江流域悬浮物δ13C值近20年的监测表明：其值在早期逐年升高,近10年来转趋稳定并呈明显下降趋势,变化范围在-17.8‰～-26.1‰之间,反映了该流域植被破坏和恢复的过程以及土壤侵蚀状况的变化趋势。     

北京典型郊野公园植物组成结构分析

通过对北京典型郊野公园绿地植物的系统调查,分析了其种类构成,计算并论述了公园绿地的植物结构特征,以期能够为北京生态城市建设提供科学依据。调查发现典型郊野公园植物有78科181属299种,占北京市总维管植物种数的12.1%,总体上偏少。乔木和灌木的丰富度指数都在5.0以下,草本的丰富度要大于乔、灌木;植物均匀度指数总体上在0.7以内,乔木要高于灌木和草本;总体说来,郊野公园绿地植物种类偏少、分布不均匀;北京郊野公园建设刚刚起步不久,要在现有基础上不断完善。     

塔里木河上游绿洲土壤表层盐分特征及其影响因子分析

选择塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区,以农田、新开农田、撂荒地、人工林、天然林、盐碱地及荒草地等不同土地利用类型的样地土壤为研究对象,结合通径分析,研究了土壤中w(全盐)与盐源分布、盐分化学特性、土壤理化特性、地下水等影响因子的分布规律及相互关系. 结果表明,该区域盐分表聚特征明显,土壤表土层w(全盐)远大于心土层和底土层,各土地利用类型表土层w(全盐)表现为盐碱地最高(平均值为52.93g/kg),盐碱地>天然林>人工林>荒草地>撂荒地>农田>新开农田. 由通径分析结果可知,S_20-50〔心土层w(全盐)〕、SAR(钠吸附比)、SDR(钠钙镁比)、D_g(地下水埋深)、c(Cl-)/c(SO₄2-)、c(HCO₃-)、pH、ρ(土壤容重)、S_50-80〔底土层w(全盐)〕、SSP(可溶性钠百分率)对表土层w(全盐)的直接通径系数依次为0.415、0.414、-0.344、-0.201、0.200、0.162、0.092、-0.086、0.080、0.071. 土壤盐源分布和土壤盐分化学特性对表土层w(全盐)影响较大,其次是D_g,土壤理化特性对表土层w(全盐)影响相对较小. 反映盐源分布的S_20-50和反映土壤盐分化学特性的SAR是表土层w(全盐)的主要控制因子.      

Phytoplankton photosynthetic activity and growth rates in the NW Adriatic Sea

Taxonomic composition, biomass, primary production and growth rates of the phytoplankton community were studied in two stations in the NW Adriatic Sea on a seasonal basis, in areas characterized by differing hydrological and trophic conditions. The main differences between the two stations were quantitative rather than qualitative, most phytoplankton species being common to both stations. The effects of differing nutrient concentrations and plume spreading were evident. Biomass and primary production rates were significantly higher in the coastal station (S1), and the phytoplankton distribution in the water column was markedly stratified in S1 and more even in the offshore station (S3). However, chlorophyll a specific production, potential growth rate and production efficiencies were very similar in both stations, even when phosphorus concentrations were limiting. A discrepancy between potential and actual growth rate was observed: as a feature common to both stations, comparisons between potential and actual growth rates revealed that little carbon produced by phytoplankton accumulated as algal biomass; therefore, very high loss rates were estimated.