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561.
利用GC-ECD对海南岛东寨港区域水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行检测.结果表明,地表水中ρ(OCPs)为2.53~241.97 ng/L,海水中ρ(OCPs)为3.60~28.30 ng/L;地表水中的ρ(OCPs)呈季节性分布,枯水期ρ(OCPs)高于丰水期;同时西南部三江水体中ρ(OCPs)最高.地表水中同时期的ρ(DDTs)高于ρ(HCHs),且地表水中ρ(DDTs)呈现季节性分块分布,DDTs组成随季节而变化.海水中ρ(OCPs)分布规律为内外交接处>外港>内港.地表水和海水中有机氯农药组成不同,地表水中有机氯农药是海水中有机氯农药来源之一.与国内外河流相比较,研究区地表水有机氯农药含量处于中低水平. 相似文献
562.
563.
The individual-based (aka agent-based) approach is now well established in ecological modeling. Traditionally, most applications have been to organisms at higher trophic levels, where the importance of population heterogeneity (intra-population variability), complete life cycles and behavior adapted to internal and external conditions has been recognized for some time. However, advances in molecular biology and biochemistry have brought about an increase in the application of individual-based modeling (IBM) to microbes as well. This literature review summarizes 46 IBM papers for bacteria in wastewater treatment plants, phytoplankton in ocean and inland waters, bacteria in biofilms, bacteria in food and other environs, and “digital organisms” and “domesticated computer viruses” in silico. The use of IBM in these applications was motivated by population heterogeneity (45%), emergence (24%), absence of a continuum (5%), and other unknown reasons (26%). In general, the challenges and concepts of IBM modeling for microbes and higher trophic levels are similar. However, there are differences in the microbe population dynamics and their environment that create somewhat different challenges, which have led to somewhat different modeling concepts. Several topics are discussed, including producing, maintaining and changing population heterogeneity (different life histories, internal variability, positive feedback, inter-generation memory), dealing with very large numbers of individuals (different up-scaling methods, including representative space vs. super-individual, number vs. biomass based, discrete vs. continuous kinetics, various agent accounting methods), handling space, simulating interactions with the extracellular environment (hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian approach), modeling agent–agent interaction (self-shading, predation, shoving) and passive transport (random walk with spatially variable diffusivity, well-mixed reactors). Overall, the literature indicates that the application of IBM to microbes is developing into a mature field. However, several challenges remain, including simulating various types of agent–agent interactions (formation and function of colonies or filaments, sexual reproduction) and even smaller individuals (viruses, genes). Further increases in intracellular detail and complexity in microbe IBMs may be considered the combination of systems biology and systems ecology, or the new field of systems bioecology. 相似文献
564.
Radim Hédl Petr Pet?íkKarel Boublík 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2586-2593
Soil acidification was assessed in the Eastern Sudetes Mountains (Czech Republic) between 1941 and 2003, i.e. before and after the period of major industrial pollution (1950s-1990s). The twenty sites included in our study were distributed along a gradient of altitude ranging 1000 m. Values of pH have decreased in 80-90% of the pairs of samples after the six decades, on average by 0.7 for pH-H2O and 0.6 for pH-KCl. Organic matter increased in the topsoil, probably reflecting a change in decomposition conditions. The most important finding is that the acidification varies along the joint gradient of altitude/tree layer composition, and displays a changing pattern in three soil horizons (A, B and C). Contrary to expectations, most acidified were soils in beech forests at lower elevations. 相似文献
565.
Seasonal variation and source estimation of organic compounds in urban aerosol of Augsburg, Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pietrogrande MC Abbaszade G Schnelle-Kreis J Bacco D Mercuriali M Zimmermann R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(7):1861-1868
This study reports a general assessment of the organic composition of the PM2.5 samples collected in the city of Augsburg, Germany in a summer (August-September 2007) and a winter (February-March 2008) campaign of 36 and 30 days, respectively. The samples were directly submitted to in-situ derivatisation thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (IDTD-GC-TOFMS) to simultaneously determine the concentrations of many classes of molecular markers, such as n-alkanes, iso- and anteiso-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxidized PAHs, n-alkanoic acids, alcohols, saccharides and others.The PCA analysis of the data identified the contributions of three emission sources, i.e., combustion sources, including fossil fuel emissions and biomass burning, vegetative detritus, and oxidized PAHs. The PM chemical composition shows seasonal trend: winter is characterized by high contribution of petroleum/wood combustion while the vegetative component and atmospheric photochemical reactions are predominant in the hot season. 相似文献
566.
Gal F Joublin F Haas H Jean-Prost V Ruffier V 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(2):107-118
The south east basin of France shelters deep CO2 reservoirs often studied with the aim of better constraining geological CO2 storage operations. Here we present new soil gas data, completing an existing dataset (CO2, 222Rn, 4He), together with mineralogical and physical characterisations of soil columns, in an attempt to better understand the spatial distribution of gas concentrations in the soils and to rule on the sealed character of the CO2 reservoir at present time.Anomalous gas concentrations were found but did not appear to be clearly related to geological structures that may drain deep gases up to the surface, implying a dominant influence of near surface processes as indicated by carbon isotope ratios. Coarse grained, quartz-rich soils favoured the existence of high CO2 concentrations. Fine grained clayey soils preferentially favoured the existence of 222Rn but not CO2. Soil formations did not act as barriers preventing gas migrations in soils, either due to water content or due to mineralogical composition. No abundant leakage from the Montmiral reservoir can be highlighted by the measurements, even near the exploitation well. As good correlation between CO2 and 222Rn concentrations still exist, it is suggested that 222Rn migration is also CO2 dependent in non-leaking areas - diffusion dominated systems. 相似文献
567.
Chemical Composition of Bottled Water in Saudi Arabia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abdulrahman I. Alabdula'aly Mujahid A. Khan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,54(2):173-189
Fourteen domestic and seven imported bottled water brands were analysed in Saudi Arabia for various physico-chemical water quality parameters. The results of the analysis were compared with the drinking water standards set by Saudi Arabia and World Health Organization. The levels of different physico-chemical parameters like TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO3, Cl and SO4 of all local and imported bottled water brands met the different drinking water standards. Fluoride was found below the Saudi Arabian Standard Organization recommended limits in two of the local brands whereas fluoride levels in all of the imported brands were below the recommended values. In one imported brand, pH was found not conforming to the recommended standards. The concentrations of trace metals in all brands were within the drinking water standards. Comparison of the study results with the reported label values indicated good agreement with stated pH values but considerable variation for Ca, Mg, and Na in the local brands and comparatively low variation in the imported brands. Low F and SO4 variations were found in the local brands and comparatively high SO4 variation in the imported brands. 相似文献
568.
便携式烟气SO2 监测仪目前已经成为锅炉污染源监测的主要手段。从仪器的原理入手,通过介绍仪器的结构和工作过程,对仪器应用中的标定、校准、现场测试的步骤给以介绍,并给出了仪器法和碘量法的对比测试结果。 相似文献
569.
Threshold concentrations for biological impairment by nutrients are difficult to quantify in lotic systems, yet States and
Tribes in the United States are charged with developing water quality criteria to protect these ecosystems from excessive
enrichment. The analysis described in this article explores the use of the ecosystem model AQUATOX to investigate impairment
thresholds keyed to biological indexes that can be simulated. The indexes selected for this exercise include percentage cyanobacterial
biomass of sestonic algae, and benthic chlorophyll a. The calibrated model was used to analyze responses of these indexes
to concurrent reductions in phosphorus, nitrogen, and suspended sediment in an enriched upper Midwestern river. Results suggest
that the indexes would respond strongly to changes in phosphorus and suspended sediment, and less strongly to changes in nitrogen
concentration. Using simulated concurrent reductions in all three water quality constituents, a total phosphorus concentration
of 0.1 mg/l was identified as a threshold concentration, and therefore a hypothetical water quality criterion, for prevention
of both excessive periphyton growth and sestonic cyanobacterial blooms. This kind of analysis is suggested as a way to evaluate
multiple contrasting impacts of hypothetical nutrient and sediment reductions and to define nutrient criteria or target concentrations
that balance multiple management objectives concurrently.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the authors alone, and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or of the U.S. Government. 相似文献
570.
长江上游滇西北地区植物区系组成及物种多样性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
长江上游滇西北地区是全球重要的生物多样性热点地区之一,也是长江流域重要的生态屏障。利用最新的文献数据,结合过去5 a的野外考察成果,分析了滇西北地区的植物区系组成及其物种多样性。研究结果表明:滇西北地区拥有种子植物6 559种,分属于205科,1 281属。滇西北地区以04%的国土面积,拥有我国种子植物科数的74%,属数的41%和物种数的20%。同时也以10%的土地面积,拥有云南地区种子植物科数的77%,属数的55%和物种数的43%。在热带区系组成方面,比重较大的分布区类型为泛热带分布(165%)和热带亚洲分布(122%);在温带区系方面,北温带分布和东亚分布所占比重比较高,分别为193%和145%。热带区系成分与温带区系成分所占的比重非常接近,分别为47%和53%,表现出强烈的区系过渡性,这可能与地层抬升、板块漂移和温性植物类群的迁入有关。温带区系比重略高于热带区系,说明该区域的植物区系具有一定的温凉性质,这与滇西北地区相对温凉的气候环境是一致的。科的分化强度为63;属的分化强度为51。研究区域内丰富的植物多样性与其复杂的生境、强烈的区系过渡性和区系分化是一致的。滇西北地区可能是验证、发展各种生物多样性假说的理想场所。因此,滇西北地区的植物多样性不仅值得人们关注和保护,而且也值得研究和探索。与滇东北的药山自然保护区相比,滇西北地区拥有更高比重的热带亚洲成分,这可能与古南大陆的“掸邦 马来亚”板块的位移和旋转有关。滇西北地区与滇西南的铜壁关自然保护区在植物区系高级分区和系统进化的起源上具有一定的联系,在一定程度上证实了“田中线”的真实存在。联系滇西北地区植物区系与铜壁关自然保护区植物区系的节点可能是研究区域内的独龙江地区. 相似文献