锅炉省煤器H型鳍片管局部泄漏机理研究

本文以某电厂的#1机组锅炉炉省煤器H型鳍片管为研究对象,设计对比试验,从宏观分析和微观分析两方面,对鳍片管局部泄漏的原因进行了深入研究,最终推断发生泄漏是局部点蚀所致。在锅炉运行过程中,沟槽内灰分沉积致使S、CI元素在沟槽底部富集而发生点蚀,减薄管壁,直至局部区域管壁不足以承压而发生泄漏。本文研究贴近工程实际,具有实际的工业应用价值,为以后相关问题提供解决思路。     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳组分特征及其与理化因子的相关性

开展绿洲连作棉田土壤有机碳组分研究,有助于阐明干旱区农田土壤有机碳稳定性机制在人地关系作用下变化特征.以塔里木盆地北缘阿拉尔垦区为研究区,以空间代替时间序列法分析了2、5、12、20和35 a等不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量特征,结合冗余分析探讨了土壤有机碳组分与土壤其它理化因子（含水量、容重、pH值、全盐、全氮、有效磷和速效钾）的相互关系,结果表明：①不同年限的连作对研究区土壤有机碳组分含量具有显著影响,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量整体表现为连作12、20和35 a棉田高于连作2 a、5 a棉田和荒草地,ω（土壤有机碳）在20 a棉田达到峰值（7.06g ·kg^-1）,高出荒草地76.91%,各土壤有机碳组分含量均随着土层的加深而下降.②基于对土壤有机碳组分含量与土壤其它理化因子的冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机碳组分含量与全氮、有效磷和含水量呈正相关关系,与pH值和容重呈负相关关系.土壤其它理化因子对土壤有机碳组分含量解释的重要性排序为：全氮>有效磷>pH值>容重>含水量>速效钾>全盐.     

东江源沿江村镇生活垃圾物理特性分析

东江系广东及香港的饮用水源地,其源区包括江西省赣州市的寻乌、安远和定南3县。本研究在东江源区选取了3个典型村庄,调查农村生活垃圾的产生量及物理特性。调查发现：东江源区农村生活垃圾主要以厨余类垃圾为主,可达60％以上;其次是灰土类垃圾,可达12％以上,其他组分一般在10％以下。县级村人均垃圾产生量一般在0.2~0.47 kg·d^-1,平均0.36 kg·d^-1;镇级村人均垃圾产生量在0.18~0.35 kg·d^-1,平均0.29 kg·d^-1;普通村人均垃圾产生量在0.07~0.33 kg·d^-1,平均0.17 kg·d^-1。混合生活垃圾含水率与厨余类垃圾所占的比例呈显著线性相关（R^2=0.626,P=0.019）。混合垃圾平均热值在2329 kJ·kg-1,不适合直接进行焚烧处理。     

天然沸石结构对合成分子筛吸附脱氮性能影响

针对污水厂尾水深度脱氨问题,从国内几个典型的天然沸石矿床中选取了4种天然沸石（记为A、B、C、D）,运用直接碱溶-水热晶化合成工艺制备分子筛,测定了各自的氨氮吸附性能;并采用XRF、XRD等表征方法,对比分析了4种天然沸石在元素组成及矿物含量方面的差异,结合4种合成产物的晶体结构、元素组成、表面形貌分析结果,探讨了天然沸石材料特性对合成产物吸附性能的影响.结果表明：与沸石原料相比,4种合成产物的氨氮吸附性能均得到明显提升,其中C和A沸石合成产物的氨氮吸附量较高,均达到15mg/g以上;合成产物的氨氮吸附性能与沸石原料的碱溶性硅溶出量有正相关关系;碱溶性硅主要来自于天然沸石原料中的方石英、斜发沸石、丝光沸石、透长石等矿物组分,而结构稳定的石英不易被碱溶活化利用.合成产物为含有不同类型分子筛及其它矿物成分的混合物,碱溶性硅溶出量高的C和A沸石均合成了A型、X型分子筛,氨氮吸附性能较好;而B和D沸石合成产物主要为孔径小于铵根离子粒径的方钠石分子筛,其氨氮吸附性能较差.因此,利用天然沸石合成分子筛用于污水脱氨时,应尽量选择石英矿物含量少、碱溶性矿物占比高的沸石原料.     

Aerosol characterization in a city in central China plain and implications for emission control

Extensive studies on aerosol chemistry have been carried out in megacities in China, however, aerosol characterization in Central China Plain (CCP) is limited. Here we conducted real-time measurements of fine particle composition with a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor in Kaifeng, Henan province in October 2019. Our results showed that nitrate and organics constituted the major fraction of non-refractory PM_2.5 for the entire study, on average accounting for 34% and 33%, respectively. However, aerosol composition was substantially different among four periods due to different meteorological conditions and chemical processing. For instance, nitrate presented the lowest contribution during the first period due to evaporative loss associated with high temperature (T), and then rapidly increased during polluted periods as a function of relative humidity (RH). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed the dominance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in OA, and also the changes in OA composition under different T and RH levels. In addition, this study is unique with two periods of local emission controls. Back trajectory and coefficient of divergence analysis showed that air pollution in CCP was overall homogeneously distributed. As a result, the effectiveness of local emission controls in this region was strongly affected by meteorological conditions and regional transport. We found that one of the periods with emission control even showed the highest concentrations for the entire study. Our results point towards the limited effect of local emission controls in mitigating air pollution in CCP, and highlight the importance of joint emission controls under unfavorable meteorological conditions.     

Revealing the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in urban runoff at three typical regions via optical indices and molecular composition

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants. Despite the significance of DOM, understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence its composition and characteristics is limited, especially in urban stormwater runoff. In this article, the chemical properties (pollutant loads, molecular weight, aromaticity, sources, and molecular composition) of DOM in stormwater extracted from three typical end-members (traffic, residential, and campus regions) were characterized by UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). There are three findings: (1) The basic properties of DOM in stormwater runoff varied obviously from three urban fields, and the effect of initial flush was also apparent. (2) The DOM in residential areas mainly came from autochthonous sources, while allochthonous sources primarily contributed to the DOM in traffic and campus areas. However, it was mainly composed of terrestrial humic-like components with CHO and CHON element composition and HULO and aliphatic formulas. (3) The parameters characterizing DOM were primarily related to terrestrial source and aromaticity, but their correlations varied. Through the combination of optical methods and UPLC-Q-TOF spectrometry, the optical and molecular characteristics of rainwater are effectively revealed, which may provide a solid foundation for the classification management of stormwater runoff in different urban regions.     

The origin of stable halogenated compounds in volcanic gases

BACKGROUND: Halogenated compounds in the atmosphere are of great environmental concern due to their demonstrated negative effect on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Detailed knowledge of the emission budgets of halogenated compounds has to be gained to understand better their specific impact on ozone chemistry and the climate. Such data are also highly relevant to guide policy decisions in connexion with international agreements about protection of the ozone layer. In selected cases, the relevance of specific emission sources for certain compounds were unclear. In this study we present new and comprehensive evidence regarding the existence and relevance of a volcanic contribution of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons (bromine containing halo(hydro)carbons), and fully fluorinated compounds (e.g. CF4 and SF6) to the atmospheric budget. METHODS: In order to obtain new evidence of a volcanic origin of these compounds, we collected repeatedly, during four field campaigns covering a period of two years, gases from fumaroles discharging over a wide range of temperatures at the Nicaraguan subduction zone volcanoes Momotombo, Cerro Negro and Mombacho, and analysed them with very sensitive GC/MS systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In most fumarolic samples certain CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, and the fully fluorinated compounds CF4 and SF6 were present above detection limits. However, these compounds occur in the fumarole gases in relative proportions characteristic for ambient air. CONCLUSION: This atmospheric fingerprint can be explained by variable amounts of air entering the porous volcanic edifices and successively being incorporated into the fumarolic gas discharges. Recommendation and Outlook. Our results suggest that the investigated volcanoes do not constitute a significant natural source for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, CF4, SF6 and NF3.     

广州市夏季大气中多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的含量及组成对比

用GC-ITD-MS和GC-NCI-MS分别测定了广州市区4个代表性的地点大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量.∑64PCBs的含量范围为307.2～2720.8 pg·m-3,含量处于世界中等水平;除工业区两侧的黄浦和天河2个采样点外,市区∑10PBDEs和BDE-209的含量范围分别为41.5～256.8 pg·m-3和116.3～888.7 pg·m-3,∑10PBDEs的含量和世界其它地方相当,而BDE-209的含量高于其它地区.PCBs中主要以三、四和五氯代PCBs为主,它们的含量占∑64PCBs的80%以上,同系物分布与国外不同,原因可能是我国曾生产和使用不同的工业产品.PBDEs中以四、五和十溴BDEs为主,其含量占∑11 PBDEs的80%以上,BDE-209、BDE-47和BDE-99是主要成分,表明污染主要来自于五溴和十溴联苯醚工业品4个采样点∑10PBDEs和∑64PCBs含量的分布表明这两类污染物有不同的排放源,PCBs主要来自于老城区,而PBDEs主要来自于新工业区.     

液膜法处理氨氮废水工艺条件研究

采用液膜法处理低浓度氨氮废水,处理后出水中NH_3-N为1mg/L以下,SS、pH、COD均达到工业废水排放标准。对液膜组成及用量,膜增强剂选用,外相废水pH选择等工艺条件及其组合效果进行民试验,结果确定以20％硫酸为内相,6％Span-80 11％液体石蜡 煤油为液膜组成、pH9.0～9.5废水为外相的处理体系,能达到最佳处理效果。     

2011年春季华南师范大学石牌校区冷凝水的化学成分特征及其来源

为深入研究广州城区的大气环境质量,于2011年春季在华南师范大学石牌校区采用人工冷凝方法采集了33个冷凝水样品,对其进行pH和阴阳离子分析,以探讨这些冷凝水的化学成分特征.结果表明,石牌校区绝大多数冷凝水样品的pH值分布范围为5.65 ～7.11(个别样品pH值为5.06),平均值为6.45,显示其已不属于酸雨,这在一定程度上反映出过去10多年特别是广州为迎接2010年亚运会在城市大气环境污染治理方面取得了较好的成效.冷凝水的阴阳离子总浓度(TDS)介于195.96～1267.76 μeq·L-之间,平均为395.46 μeq·L-1;各离子浓度高低依次为Ca2、SO42-、NH4+、Cl-、Na+、NO3-、Mg2+、K+、N02-、F-.石牌校区冷凝水的这种离子浓度分布特征指示,其清洁程度差于香港、广东鹤山、云南丽江、青海瓦里关山等地的大气降水,而优于同期采集的石牌校区大气降水;其污染来源除部分属自然源外,还主要与建筑活动、工业生产、汽车尾气等人类活动等有密切关系.