不同DNA分子标记在云杉属植物遗传多样性研究中的应用

综述国内外近20a来在DNA分子水平上埘云杉属植物遗传多样性的研究进展，简述用RELP、RAPD、SCAR、AFLP、SSR、EST、STS以及SNP标记对于云杉属核DNA、线粒体DNA、叶绿体DNA和rDNA多态性进行的研究以及在云杉属品种鉴定、遗传作图、遗传多样性、进化及分子生态学研究中的应用，参85     

Effect of Climatic Changes on the Formation of Siberian Spruce Generations in Subglotsy Tree Stands of the Southern Urals

The correlation between climatic changes and the numbers of trees in the generations of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in subgoltsy tree stands of the Southern Urals was analyzed over the past 200 years. The results showed that the most abundant generations appeared in 1809–1816, 1821–1827, 1839–1845, 1850–1867, 1875–1887, 1891–1896, 1900–1904, 1911–1918, 1923–1932, 1944–1952, 1958–1966, and 1975–1995. Their formation proved to be related to the improvement of thermal conditions of the warm season during the five to seven years before and after the emergence of trees and conditions of the cold season in the year of their emergence, as well as to the periods of increased snow depth in late April in the years 27–32 of tree growth.     

基于不同树干高度树轮宽度的历史气候重建潜力研究

本研究利用新疆伊犁地区雪岭云杉不同树干高度树轮样本建立树轮宽度年表,并尝试使用该年表进行历史气候重建。相关分析表明,10 m树干高度树轮年表与当年6—7月平均最低气温相关显著,相关系数可达0.585（P＜0.001）。利用10 m树干高度树轮标准化年表建立了研究区1841—2014年当年6—7月平均最低气温,重建方程稳定可靠。分析表明,重建序列出现了5个偏冷阶段和4个偏暖阶段。其中,1938—1965年和1866—1912年分别是持续时间最长的偏冷和偏暖阶段。重建序列存在2.11 a、2.99—3.10 a、5.09 a、5.47 a、8.08 a、68.03 a的显著周期（P＜0.05）。该重建序列的建立进一步证明了利用不同树干高度树轮年表开展气候重建的可能性。在野外采样环境允许的情况下,可以将树干更高处树轮样本纳入采样范围。     

内蒙古沙地森林草原过渡带中沙地云彬种群动态

沙地云彬是我国内蒙东部沙地森林草原过渡带的特有濒危树种,沙地杉林是陆地上非常特殊的森林生态系统类型。本文研究了沙地云杉的种群动态,建立了沙地云杉种群生命表、年龄结构、存活曲线和生殖力表,同时研究了沙地云杉种群分布格局及增长动态,可为沙地治理和沙地森林生态系统研究提供科学依据。     

Pine weevil feeding on Norway spruce bark has a stronger impact on needle VOC emissions than enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

Plants can respond physiologically to damaging ultraviolet-B radiation by altering leaf chemistry, especially UV absorbing phenolic compounds. However, the effects on terpene emissions have received little attention. We conducted two field trials in plots with supplemented UV-B radiation and assessed the influence of feeding by pine weevils, Hylobius abietis L., on volatile emissions from 3-year old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst.). We collected emissions from branch tips distal to the feeding weevils, and from whole branches including the damage sites. Weevil feeding clearly induced the emission of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, particularly linalool and (E)-β-farnesene, from branch tips, and the sums of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes emitted by whole branches were substantially increased. We discovered little effect of UV-B radiation up to 30% above the ambient level on volatile emissions from branch tips distal to damage sites, but there was a possible effect on bark emissions from damage sites.     

PCDD/F and PCB in spruce forests of the Alps

PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in remote mountainous spruce stands of the Central European Alps show strong geographic variation. Independent of the matrix (0.5 year old needles, humus or mineral soil), the highest pollutant levels were always found at the lateral zones of the mountain range. High levels coincided with strong precipitation, particularly along the northern margin of the study region. The most volatile PCB congener propagated farther into the colder, drier central Alps than the heavier species. Matrices with different accumulation history (needles and humus) repeatedly reflected different spatial immission patterns. Consistent with its much longer exposure, pollutant levels in humus exceeded those of needles by up to two orders of magnitude. Needle contamination varied with altitude but the vertical trends were highly variable between transsects and changed between years, too.     

Seasonal differences and within-canopy variations of antioxidants in mature spruce (Picea abies) trees under elevated ozone in a free-air exposure system

The effect of free-air ozone fumigation and crown position on antioxidants were determined in old-growth spruce (Picea abies) trees in the seasonal course of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004). Levels of total ascorbate and its redox state in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) were increased under double ambient ozone concentrations (2xO3), whilst ascorbate concentrations in needle extracts were unchanged. Concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate were significantly higher in 2003 compared to 2004 indicating a combined effect of the drought conditions in 2003 with enhanced ozone exposure. Elevated ozone had only weak effects on total glutathione levels in needle extracts, phloem exudates and xylem saps. Total and oxidised glutathione concentrations were higher in 2004 compared to 2003 and seemed to be more affected by enhanced ozone influx in the more humid year 2004 compared to the combined effect of elevated ozone and drought in 2003 as observed for ascorbate.     

川西亚高山云杉人工林与天然林养分分布和生物循环比较

研究了川西亚高山云杉人工林和天然林养分的分布和生物循环特点 ,结果表明 :云杉天然林和人工林各养分含量变化总趋势为 :w(N) ,针叶 >凋落物 >土壤 >树枝 >树干 ;w(P2 O5,K2 O ,CaO ,MgO) ,土壤 >凋落物 >针叶 >树枝 >树干 ;在针叶、树枝、树干和凋落物中养分含量是CaO >N >K2 O >MgO >P2 O5,而在土壤中养分含量是CaO >K2 O >MgO >N >P2 O5.养分贮量以天然云杉林最高 ,且主要集中在土壤中 (占 6 9%) ,而人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,地上各组分养分贮量增加 ,土壤中养分贮量则先升后降 ,人工和天然云杉林地上各组分养分贮量主要集中在针叶 ;云杉林养分年积累量以天然林最高 ,在人工林中随着抚育林龄的增加 ,养分年积累量随之增加 ,人工云杉幼林以N、CaO积累为主 ,而成熟林则以CaO、N积累为主 .养分的吸收、存留量天然林高于人工云杉林 ,人工云杉成熟林和天然林的利用系数和周转期相似 ,人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,吸收、存留量增大 ,利用系数降低 ,归还量和循环系数先增后降 ,周转期则变长 ,人工云杉林利用系数顺序为 :CaO >MgO >N >K2 O >P2 O5,周转期顺序为 :P2 O5>K2 O >MgO >N >CaO .表 5参 14     

不同碳输入对天山雪岭云杉林土壤化学计量特征的影响

土壤C、N、P元素是构成森林生态系统的重要组分,通过研究外源碳输入改变对森林土壤化学计量特征的影响,有助于揭示森林生态系统的元素循环过程及平衡反馈机制.以天山雪岭云杉林作为研究对象,通过基于2 a的植物残体的添加和去除试验(DIRT),分析外源碳输入改变对土壤C、N、P化学计量特征短期影响,讨论不同处理下土壤化学计量特征与其他土壤理化因子的相互关系.结果表明：(1)土壤C、N、P含量在大部分土层均表现为双倍凋落物(DL)处理最高,按土层深度由浅到深依次为,土壤ω(C):168.92、119.88、103.33和64.23g·kg^-1;土壤ω(N):10.60、9.32、8.78和8.07g·kg^-1;土壤ω(P):0.50、0.45、0.37和0.36g·kg^-1;切根去凋落物(NI)处理最低,按土层深度由浅到深依次为土壤ω(C):104.56、89.24、48.08和43.96g·kg^-1;土壤ω(N):6.83、2.60、2.63和2.22g·kg^-1;土壤ω(P):0.4...