南充炼厂循环水管理与处理技术探讨

文章介绍了南充炼油化工总厂循环水场循环水系统管理及处理技术现状,在与其他炼厂循环水处理状况分析比较的基础上,剖析了该厂循环水系统存在的问题,并就改善水系统、水冷设施和改进水处理技术、加大监测力度等方面进行了探讨,为炼油厂实现循环水全面达标、确保生产装置"安、稳、长、满、优"运行提供了参考。     

Chemical Partitioning to Foliage: The Contribution and Legacy of Davide Calamari

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.002 Background Davide Calamari and his colleagues were among the first to appreciate that vegetation could play a key role in determining the fate and effects of organic contaminants. They conducted pioneering experiments to investigate the uptake of contaminants by plants from the atmosphere and they sought to model the observed phenomena. In the nearly two decades since there has been a marked increase in understanding of these phenomena as a result of both experimental and modelling studies. - Goal. In this study we briefly review our current understanding of chemical partitioning between foliage and air. A model in both fugacity and concentration format is described, based on that of Tolls and McLachlan (1994), in which the leaf is treated as consisting of two layers, a waxy cuticle with an underlying 'reservoir' layer, the cuticle being surrounded by an air boundary layer and containing stomata that provide direct access from the air to the 'reservoir'. The model quantifies the dynamic penetration of a defined chemical into a defined leaf as a function of time. Main Features The model is applied for illustrative purposes to a hypothetical but typical leaf for a set of illustrative chemicals to demonstrate the effect of changes in physical-chemical properties and leaf characteristics. Discussion The results are compared qualitatively with a variety of field and laboratory studies of foliage uptake and clearance of chemicals. Conclusion It is concluded that the model yields results that are generally consistent with observations. It is suggested that with appropriate parameterisation and validation, the model can contribute to an improved understanding of the process of foliage uptake from the atmosphere and to the development of an improved predictive capability.     

Herbaceous Covers to Control Tree Invasion in Rights-of-Way: Ecological Concepts and Applications

In northeastern America, thousands of kilometers of utility rights-of-way (ROWs) have to be managed to prevent the establishment of a tall vegetation cover that does not comply with safety and maintenance regulations. Recent decades have seen the emergence of ecologically based vegetation control strategies to reduce environmental impacts as well as maintenance costs. One such strategy is to take advantage of competitive herbaceous covers to limit tree invasion. This approach, however, as well as its fundamental underlying principles, has been little scrutinized. In this article, (1) we present the main ecological concepts supporting the use of a herbaceous cover to limit tree invasion, emphasizing naturally forested ecosystems of northeastern America. They include reported evidence of stable plant communities and an overview of potential underlying mechanisms of inhibition. (2) We then review field applications, specifically testing the ability of seeded herbaceous covers to control tree invasion in ROWs. (3) We discuss unresolved issues relevant to management and research. The available evidence suggests that seeding herbaceous covers in ROWs can help control tree invasion, but many issues still limit broad-scale applications. The various interactions that govern plant community dynamics are far from being fully understood, so selecting species still largely depends on an empirical approach. Patterns of resistance to tree invasion must be investigated over a wide range of spatial, historical, and environmental contexts to determine effective management and seeding practices that will lead to broad-scale applications. We suggest establishing communities rather than single dominant species and using as much as possible native species to limit risks of invasion.Published online     

水泥厂生料库底除尘系统的改造

分析了原设计中存在的问题,提出了改造措施和方案,并介绍了改造后的结果。     

Monitoring of Gin Drinkers' Bay landfill,Hong Kong: II. Gas contents,soil properties,and vegetation performance on the side slope

This second part of the study concerned the plant cover, gas contents, and soil properties of the side slope area of the landfill, which is not protected against gas infiltration. Five different sites on the slope and a control site outside the landfill were chosen, and pipes were installed in the region. Gas contents were tested, and plant cover recorded by quadrat analysis Over 20 species of grasses, herbs, and vines were present on the slope The relative adaptabilities of the species were ranked according to the abundance of the plants Plant cover was found to be negatively correlated with landfill gas contents. The landfill soil had elevated contents of nitrogen, organic carbon, and extractable metals Total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and extractable lead were further identified to be negatively correlated while available phosphate was positively correlated with plant cover     

A review of major factors influencing plant responses to recreation impacts

This article reviews some of the more important factors found to influence the susceptibility of plants to trampling impacts associated with recreational use of natural areas. A three-way interaction mediates plant responses to impacts: plant x environment x stress level(s). Plant responses vary in part according to the genetic constitution of the plant, life and growth form, the adaptive flexibility of the plant, and anatomical differences inherent to growth habit and morphology. Other factors that influence plant sensitivities to impacts are the habitat environments in which plants grow, since a number of conditions such as moisture excesses or deficiencies, nitrogen or oxygen starvation, late frosts, etc., cause physiological injury and may increase plant sensitivity to impacts. Among the environmental factors that may increase or lessen plant sensitivities to impacts are soil moisture levels, canopy density, elevation, aspect, microclimate, soil drainage, texture, fertility and productivity. Seasonal influences also bear consideration since environmental changes and phonological and physiological events are mediated by time of year. Stresses are caused by both direct and indirect forms of impact and vary according to season of use, frequency and amount of use, and the type of activity. These interactions are further complicated by evidence that inter- and intraspecific competition, antagonism, and commensalism may influence differences in the sensitivity of plant communities to impacts.     

二(噁)(口英)类污染物排放的农业面源分析

以三种树叶焚烧测定结果为例,分析了植物燃烧过程中产生的二类。研究结果表明,不同植物焚烧排放的二类浓度不同,含氯高时排放二类浓度也较高。二类对生态环境和人类健康有巨大的危害,分析二类污染物的农业面源情况,对于进一步有效控制和降低二类的排放,有重要的现实意义。     

红纺锤水蚤(Acartia erythraea)对Cu2+和Ag+的吸收

通过对桡足类动物红纺锤水蚤(Acartia erythraea)分别在Cu2 、Ag 、Cu2 Ag 混合溶液中的暴露实验,测定了其对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速率常数、排出速率常数,并对Cu2 和Ag 在动物体内的分布状况进行了分析.结果表明,在单金属暴露的条件下,红纺锤水蚤对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速度分别为1.09×104L·g-1·d-1、3.31×104L·g-1·d-1,排出速率常数分别为0.096 d-1、0.1056 d-1.而在Cu2 Ag 的混合暴露体系中,红纺锤水蚤对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速率分别下降到9.17×103 L·g-1·d-1、2.87×104L·g-1-d-1,Cu2 和Ag 的排出速度常数则分别降到0.084 d-1和0.1008 d-1.动态模型的模拟结果表明,Cu2 和Ag 存在一定程度的拮抗作用.与暴露在单金属溶液中的红纺锤水蚤相比较,在暴露于Cu2 、Ag 混合体系中动物体内的非极性部分所占的比重明显增加,说明其在食物链中对于上一营养级的生物有效性将明显增加.     

Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of Microcystis aeruginosa under various environmental conditions

Growth and uptake of exogenous phosphate by Microcystis aeruginosa in batch culture under different temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence were studied by the method of phosphate isotope tracer. Relatively high temperature, long photoperiod and strong turbulence increased the cell density of M. aeruginosa in these batch cultures. The initial rapid uptake of phosphate by M. aeruginosa was independent of the temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence. Similarly, maximum exogenous phosphate uptake was not related to these environmental factors. However, elevated temperature and turbulence shortened the time, required to obtain maximum P accumulation. The growth of M. aeruginosa could alleviate the phosphorous leakage. Total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa and the phosphorus leakage of M. aeruginosa were significantly influenced by the growth state of M. aeruginosa closely correlated with the environmental factors. The maximum volume of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa was 46% of added exogenous phosphate in water with 16 hours of photoperiod. Thus, total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa were more strongly affected by the photoperiod length than temperature and turbulence.     

不同紫云英基因型对难溶性磷吸收利用的影响

通过石英砂培养试验,研究了不同基因型对紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）吸收和利用难溶性磷酸盐（Al-P和Fe-P）的影响。结果表明,紫云英在不同磷源中的生长性状、生物量以及植株不同部位的吸磷量有很大差异。从株高、茎粗、分枝数性状方面来看,均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,且两种难溶性磷处理之间差异达到显著或极显著水平。对大多数紫云英基因型来说Al-P的地上部、地下部及总干物质量都显著大于Fe-P,说明紫云英更容易活化和吸收Al-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号在利用难溶性磷时都显著高于余江大叶和弋江籽。不同紫云英基因型在不同磷源中,地上部、地下部吸磷量及总吸磷量也均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,即对不同磷源的吸收能力均以K-P最高,Al-P大于Fe-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷的吸收量均高于其它3个品种,表明闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷具有较强的溶解吸收能力。从植株吸磷量与生物量关系可以看出,紫云英植株地上部、地下部干物质量及总干物质量、鲜质量增加时,植株吸收磷的养分质量分数也随着增加,呈显著正相关。CK和Al-P处理总干物质量与总吸磷量拟合回归关系显著,但对水溶性K-P和Fe-P处理相关回归关系效果不明显,说明紫云英对难溶性磷吸收利用时,对Al-P吸收富集优于Fe-P。