东南景天与不同植物混作对土壤重金属吸收的影响

将超富集东南景天(Sedum alfredii)与具有不同根系特征的玉米、黑麦草、大豆混作在受Zn、Cd、Pb污染的土壤中,研究不同组别的混作对重金属吸收的效果.结果表明,在本试验条件下,与玉米和大豆的混作显著地提高了东南景天地上部分对Zn的吸收,由单种的15345mg/kg分别增至18673,17266mg/kg;与黑麦草的混作没有显著影响东南景天对3种重金属的吸收.混作后显著地降低了玉米和黑麦草对Cd和Zn的吸收.结合生物量的增加,与玉米和大豆混作处理中东南景天地上部3种重金属的吸收总量(按半盆计)分别约为单种的1.68~1.87倍,说明通过混作可提高超富集植物对重金属的吸收.     

Definition and calculation of uncertainty in ecological process models

We present a method of multi-criteria assessment for the analysis of process model uncertainty that combines analysis of model structure, parameters and data requirements. There are three components in calculation and definition of uncertainty.

(1)

Assessment criteria: Uncertainty in a process model is reduced as the model can simultaneously simulate an increased number of assessment criteria selected to test specific aspects of the theory being investigated, and within acceptable limits set for those criteria. This reduces incomplete specification of the model—the characteristic that a model may explain some, but not all, of the observed features of a phenomenon. The calculation required is computation of the Pareto set which provides the list of simultaneously achieved criteria within specified ranges.     

添加低比例石灰调质的脱水污泥堆肥试验研究

添加石灰可以快速实现污泥干化,抑制污泥恶臭产生、钝化重金属及杀灭病原微生物,但大量石灰(>5%)的加入不但会增加成本,而且会明显提高产物pH值,极大限制了其后续利用,因此,开展了采用添加低比例(￡5%)石灰调质进行污泥堆肥的研究.试验采用罗迪格(Leodige)高效混合设备制备石灰质量分数分别为1%、5%和5%+熟料的混合污泥作为堆肥原料,与未添加石灰的污泥进行对比堆肥.采用氧温控制系统在线监测氧气和温度,实时反馈并控制系统通风.结果表明:堆肥15d后,添加石灰的3组堆肥pH值分别从9.06、12.17、12.34下降至弱碱性水平(<8.3),挥发分从57.35%、45.97%、44.59%下降至44.20%、39.28%、38.42%;4组堆肥减量比均达到50%以上,除2#减量速率明显较慢外,其他3组堆肥减量速率无显著差异;重金属浸出试验检测发现,重金属浸出浓度受pH值的影响较大,添加5%石灰的堆体,Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出液浓度最低.工程应用中,建议采用添加质量分数5%的石灰与一定的熟料返混,从而提高堆肥效率及产品品质.     

The dynamics of heavy metals in plant-soil interactions

The effects of soil contamination by heavy metals are studied by a mathematical interaction model, validated by experimental results. The model relates the dynamics of uptake of heavy metals from soil to plants. The model successfully fitted the experimental data and made it possible to predict the threshold values of total mortality. Data are taken from soil with Cd, Cu and Zn treatments for alfalfa, lettuce, radish and Thlaspi caerulescens, measuring the concentrations in the aboveground biomass of plants. At low concentrations, the effects of heavy metals are moderate, and the dynamics seem to be linear. However, increasing concentrations exhibit nonlinear behaviors.     

Stress response to nanoplastics with different charges in Brassica napus L. during seed germination and seedling growth stages

● Higher concentrations of PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H inhibited seed germination. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H influenced seedling growth in a dose-dependent manner. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H reduced essential nutrients uptake and plant quality. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H increased antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content. ● Nanoplastic toxicity was related to surface charges. Nanoplastic pollution has become a significant problem in farmland systems worldwide. However, research on the effects of nanoplastics (NPs) with different charges on field crops is still limited. In our study, NPs with different charges, including unmodified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS), positively charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH₂), and negatively charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-SO₃H), were investigated for their impacts on seed germination and seedling growth of rape. The results showed that seed water uptake (after 12 h), seed germination, seed vigour, and relative root elongation were all significantly reduced under exposure to NPs (200 mg/L). Similarly, remarkable decreases in plant biomass (root weight, shoot weight), growth (root length, plant height), photosynthesis ability (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), essential nutrient uptake (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu), and plant quality (soluble protein, soluble sugar, crude fibre content) of rape seedlings were also observed after exposure to NPs. Among the three kinds of NPs, PS-NH₂ showed stronger effects. Moreover, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities of rape seedlings were changed, and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased under exposure to NPs. Furthermore, positively charged PS-NH₂ showed stronger effects on the phenotype, physiology, biochemistry, nutrient uptake, and plant quality of rape. Notably, a comprehensive toxicity evaluation revealed that PS-NH₂ had the strongest toxicity to rape. The present study provides important implications for the interaction and risk assessment of NPs and crops in soil-plant systems.     

用快速生物活性测定仪测定活性污泥生物活性的研究

基于快速生物活性测定仪,对污水处理厂好氧生物处理单元的重要运行指标--污泥活性的长期变化、酸碱性、温度、毒性等外部环境条件对污泥活性的影响进行了测定与研究.结果表明,长期运行的活性参数变化幅度在20%以内;pH值偏离正常值时,生物活性有不同程度的下降,但对酸性环境的耐受能力远大于对碱性环境的耐受能力;温度升高,污泥的活性增强,温度超过42.5℃后,污泥活性遭到强烈抑制,但内源呼吸速率受温度的影响不明显;毒性物质对生物活性有很强的抑制作用,而且抑制可能是有选择性的.最后还测量了一个实际污水处理厂的污泥活性,标准偏差在20%以内.这表明,污泥活性测定结果较稳定,所测量的活性参数能够表征污泥的活性状态.     

Variations among rice cultivars on root oxidation and Cd uptake

In order to understand the mechanisms on the variation between rice cultivars in Cd uptake and accumulation, two pot soil experiments were conducted with typical rice cultivars that varied greatly in soil Cd uptake. The experiments with six rice cultivars showed that the root oxidation abilities of rice differed with rice cultivars and also with types of the cultivars, the cultivars with indica consanguinity were significantly higher than the cultivars with japonica consanguinity. Root oxidation abilities of the rice cultivars correlated positively and significantly （P〈0.01） with their Cd concentrations and Cd quantity accumulations in rice plants. The experiments with two rice cultivars showed that significant differences also existed between the two cultivars in pot soil redox potentials, which of Shan you 63 （higher soil Cd accumulator） were significantly higher than that of Wu yun jing 7 （lower soil Cd accumulator） under different soil Cd levels, but the degrees of the differences varied with soil Cd levels. The differences were larger under soil Cd treatments than the control. The results indicate that root oxidation ability, especially in Cd contaminated soil, is one of the main mechanisms which dominate Cd uptake and accumulation by rice plant.     

Uptake of uranium and thorium by native and cultivated plants

Large part of available literature on biogeochemistry of uranium and thorium refers to the studies performed either in highly contaminated areas or in nutrient solutions that have been artificially ‘spiked’ with radionuclides. Effects of background levels of natural radioactivity on soil-grown plants have not been studied to the same extent. In this paper, we summarised results of greenhouse and field experiments performed by the author from 2000 to 2006. We examined some of the factors affecting transfer of U and Th from soil to plants, differences in uptake of these radionuclides by different plants, relationships between U and Th in soil and in plants, and temporal variations of U and Th in different plant species. Concentrations of radionuclides (critical point for experimental studies on biogeochemistry of U and Th - rare trace elements in non-contaminated regions) and essential plant nutrients and trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis.     

Differences in U root-to-shoot translocation between plant species explained by U distribution in roots

Accumulation and distribution of uranium in roots and shoots of four plants species differing in their cation exchange capacity of roots (CECR) was investigated. After exposure in hydroponics for seven days to 100 μmol U L⁻¹, distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots. Higher U concentrations were measured in roots of dicots which showed a higher CECR than monocot species. Chemical extractions indicated that uranium is mostly located in the apoplasm of roots of monocots but that it is predominantly located in the symplasm of roots of dicots. Translocation of U to shoot was not significantly affected by the CECR or distribution of U between symplasm and apoplasm. Distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots for all species. Additionally, longitudinal and radial distribution of U in roots of maize and Indian mustard, respectively showing the lowest and the highest translocation, was studied following X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of specific root sections. Chemical analysis and XRF analysis of roots of maize and Indian mustard clearly indicated a higher longitudinal and radial transport of uranium in roots of Indian mustard than in roots of maize, where uranium mostly accumulated in root tips. These results showed that even if CECR could partly explain U accumulation in roots, other mechanisms like radial and longitudinal transport are implied in the translocation of U to the shoot.     

Nitrogen mediates above-ground effects of ozone but not below-ground effects in a rhizomatous sedge

Ozone and atmospheric nitrogen are co-occurring pollutants with adverse effects on natural grassland vegetation. Plants of the rhizomatous sedge Carex arenaria were exposed to four ozone regimes representing increasing background concentrations (background-peak): 10-30, 35-55, 60-80 and 85-105 ppb ozone at two nitrogen levels: 12 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Ozone increased the number and proportion of senesced leaves, but not overall leaf number. There was a clear nitrogen × ozone interaction with high nitrogen reducing proportional senescence in each treatment and increasing the ozone dose (AOT40) at which enhanced senescence occurred. Ozone reduced total biomass due to significant effects on root biomass. There were no interactive effects on shoot:root ratio. Rhizome tissue N content was increased by both nitrogen and ozone. Results suggest that nitrogen mediates above-ground impacts of ozone but not impacts on below-ground resource translocation. This may lead to complex interactive effects between the two pollutants on natural vegetation.