三种含钙物质对土壤砷植物有效性的影响

综述含钙物质（生石灰（CaO）、熟石灰（Ca （OH）₂）及石灰石（CaCO₃））对土壤理化性质（pH值、有机质成分及其含量）、土壤微生物群落结构和As赋存形态及生物有效性的影响与机制,及其对植物As吸收积累和As耐性的影响与机制.综述内容可为准确理解含钙物质影响土壤As的生物有效性和植物对As吸收积累的过程机制,进而合理选择含钙物质调控土壤理化性质降低土壤As生物有效性及其生态环境风险提供理论依据和技术参考,对保障土壤种植安全和作物食品安全具有一定现实意义.     

Greenhouse evaluation and environmental impact assessment of different urine-derived struvite fertilizers as phosphorus sources for plants

A selection of six urine-derived struvite fertilizers generated by innovative precipitation technologies was assessed for their quality and their effectiveness as phosphorus sources for crops. Struvite purity was influenced by drying techniques and magnesium dosage. In a greenhouse experiment, the urine fertilizers led to biomass yields and phosphorus uptakes comparable to or higher than those induced by a commercial mineral fertilizer. Heavy metal concentrations of the different struvite fertilizers were below the threshold limits specified by the German Fertilizer and Sewage Sludge Regulations. The computed loading rates of heavy metals to agricultural land were also below the threshold limits decreed by the Federal Soil Protection Act. Urine-derived struvite contributed less to heavy metal inputs to farmland than other recycling products or commercial mineral and organic fertilizers. When combined with other soil conditioners, urine-derived struvite is an efficient fertilizer which covers the magnesium and more than half of the phosphorus demand of crops.     

Phytoaccumulation of iron by callus tissue of Clerodendrum indicum (L)

Clerodendrum indicum (L.) is one of the important medicinal plants, originating in India. The plant is used as medicine for bronchitis, asthma and different immunological disease. Micro-propagation is a quick method, producing a huge number of plants. Apical leaf of Clerodendrum indicum (L.) was used as an explant for callogenesis. The combinations of different plant growth regulators (2,4-D, NAA, KN) in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium produced two types of calli: one was friable and loose and the other was green, embryogenic and compact. Heavy metals cause pollution and health hazards. The plant absorbs heavy metals, which is very useful for controlling environmental pollution. Iron is a major nutrient for both plants and animals, but hyper accumulation of iron is injurious to health. Calli were used to study the optimum conditions of iron uptake in presence of different chemical environments. The different environments were created by using different chemical reagents such as (HCL, HNO₃, H₃PO₄ and KNO₃). Iron (III) was spiked with radioactive Fe-59 and dynamics of uptake was followed by measuring radioactivity by gamma-ray spectrometer. The best condition of iron uptake corresponded to 1 mol L^?1 KNO₃ after 4 hour of equilibration.     

蚕豆-土壤系统对14CO2的吸收和积累

为了探明14CO2在环境中的行为,采用核素示踪技术研究了蚕豆-土壤系统对14CO2的吸收和积累动态.结果表明,通过蚕豆叶片光合作用从空气中吸收的14CO2会向蚕豆其他部位组织输送并形成积累趋势,被检测到的14C比活度数值比较大,表明空气中的14CO2易于通过叶片吸收而进入蚕豆各组织器官中;蚕豆各部位组织中14C比活度随时间呈线性增长,增长速率介于20.3~45.1Bq/(g×d),大小次序为:叶>茎>根>豆壳>豆粒.蚕豆对14CO2(14C)具有较强的富集作用,各部位的富集系数随时间呈快速增加, 其中叶片中的富集系数最高(56d时高达31.61),豆壳次之(56d时达25.57).利用蚕豆的这一富集特性可监测大气14CO2污染的情况.     

硝化污泥中AOB/NOB对硝化特性的影响

为了深入研究硝化污泥中AOB/NOB（A/N）对其硝化特性的影响,在两个SBR反应器中,通过控制单一基质,并结合影响因素控制和定期排泥,各自经过80个周期的运行,成功实现了AOB、NOB活性污泥的优化培养.依据Monod方程理论确定出AOB、NOB活性污泥中的丰度比约为1：1.不同A/N硝化特性的研究表明：亚硝化率、氨氧化速率、亚硝酸盐氧化速率以及好氧速率均受硝化污泥中A/N的影响,想要实现短程硝化的稳定运行必须使得A/N接近于1：0;氨氧化速率与硝化污泥中AOB的数量并不存在显著的正比关系;常规的生活污水硝化工艺中,A/N应不低于1：2;结合好氧速率的在线监测,当好氧速率趋于稳定时,指示短程硝化的启动已经接近完成.     

Accident prevention approach throughout process design life cycle

The accident rate in the chemical process industry (CPI) has not been decreasing although majority of accident causes have been identified and could have been prevented by using existing knowledge. These recurring accidents show that the existing knowledge has not been used effectively. In this paper, accident knowledge learned from earlier accident analyses are utilized to predict the common design errors during chemical plant design. An accident prevention approach throughout process design life cycle is proposed for a safer design consideration where designers are guided to identify common design errors, accident contributors and critical points to look for. The accident prevention approach has been applied to analyze the BP Texas City Refinery Explosion and Fire tragedy.     

灭菌和非灭菌土壤中高氯酸盐污染对水稻幼苗的影响

采用温室盆栽试验,研究灭菌与非灭菌土壤条件下2个品种水稻(GN和IR)幼苗对ClO₄-(高氯酸盐)污染的响应. 结果表明:无ClO₄-污染时,土壤灭菌可促进2个品种水稻的株高、根长和生物量的增长,但有ClO₄-污染时,灭菌处理反而显著抑制水稻生长;当施入ρ(ClO₄-)为0.1 mg/L时,土壤灭菌降低了水稻对ClO₄-的吸收积累,非灭菌组GN和IR分别有69.70%和88.55%的ClO₄-迁移到植物体内,而灭菌组则分别有21.55%和13.98%的ClO₄-迁移到植物体内;ρ(ClO₄-)为50.0 mg/L时,土壤灭菌反而增加了水稻对ClO₄-的吸收积累,灭菌组GN和IR叶片中的w(ClO₄-)分别是非灭菌组的3.67和5.88倍,但无论土壤是否灭菌,迁移到植物体内的ClO₄-所占比例均小于2%;灭菌组93%以上的ClO₄-残留在土壤中,而非灭菌组则有98%以上的ClO₄-转化成为其他物质. 土壤灭菌、ρ(ClO₄-)为50 mg/L处理能够显著降低土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性.      

基于OTIS模型的巢湖十五里河源头段氮磷滞留特征

为揭示巢湖十五里河源头河段氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NH4Cl、KH2PO4及NaCl作为示踪剂,开展野外现场示踪实验.根据获得的氯离子浓度和营养盐浓度穿透曲线数据信息,利用OTIS与OTIS-P计算软件,估算水文参数(D、A、As、a等)和营养盐一阶吸收系数(λ、λs).在此基础上,计算暂态存储指标和营养盐吸收相关参数值,定量评估主河道流动水体与暂态存储对NH4+和SRP的损失贡献.结果表明,主河道与暂态存储区NH4+吸收系数平均值分别为3.88×10-6,8.81×10-4s-1,SRP分别为7.80×10-6,7.98×10-8s-1;综合衰减系数k-NH4平均值为1.64×10-4s-1,k-SRP为7.80×10-6s-1;NH4+和SRP的吸收长度Sw-NH4、Sw-SRP相当大,分别为1632.88,25471.32m,意味着该河段经由物理或生态过程去除N、P的可能性低;该河段Vf-NH4、Vf-SRP 值较营养盐浓度低的溪流或小河流偏小,但U-NH4、U-SRP则明显偏大;暂态存储对于NH4+损失的平均贡献率为93.82%,主河道水流对SRP损失的平均贡献率高达99.70%.     

不同磷水平下铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收和净化

通过室内培养实验,研究了富磷(+P)和缺磷(–P)环境下,铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))的累积和净化动力学特征,探讨了净化过程中培养介质砷形态的变化.结果表明:缺磷环境下虽然可显著提升铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收,但该环境下的高砷藻体又具较高的砷释放风险.+P和–P环境下,藻体中分别有41.5%和46.3%的胞内砷可在快速清除阶段(2h)被迅速排出.+P环境下经10μmol/L As(Ⅴ)暴露后的含砷藻体,经13d净化培养后,+P培养介质中藻体以砷酸盐释放为主,-P培养介质中则存在砷的还原和甲基化现象,这表明不同磷水平下藻体对砷的净化机理可能存在明显差异.     

溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体在空心菜中的吸收积累特性及其毒理效应

通过营养液水培的方式,研究了在不同浓度溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([C4mim]Br)对空心菜的毒性效应,测定了[C4mim]Br对空心菜各生长指标、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MAD)含量以及根系活力的变化情况,同时研究了空心菜对[C4mim]Br的吸收和体内积累特征。结果表明:随着[C4mim]Br处理浓度与培养时间的增加,[C4mim]Br对空心菜各生理生化指标有显著抑制作用,且抑制效应具有剂量依赖型特点,半最大效应浓度(EC_(50))值为1.64 mg·L~(-1)。空心菜体内丙二醛含量显著增加表明[C4mim]Br加剧了细胞膜受损,导致根系对[C4mim]Br的吸收积累能力下降。空心菜的富集系数与转运系数均小于1,表明空心菜可以从环境中吸收并积累[C4mim]Br,但从根到地上部分转运[C4mim]Br能力较弱。