Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on the surface of montmorillonite particles

The studies on heterogeneous reactions over montmorillonite, which is a typical 2:1 layered aluminosilicate, will benefit to the understanding of heterogeneous reactions on clay minerals. Montmorillonite can be classified as sodium montmorillonite or calcium montmorillonite depending on the cation presented between the different layers. Using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), the heterogeneous reaction mechanism of NO₂ on the surface of montmorillonite was firstly investigated. Results showed that the reaction of NO₂ on the surface of sodium and calcium montmorillonite fit a first-order kinetics, and the reaction duration of calcium montmorillonite was longer than that of sodium montmorillonite under the dry condition. For either sodium or calcium montmorillonite, the uptake coefficient decreased as humidity increased.     

FNA对好氧吸磷的长期抑制及污泥吸磷方式转化

本研究采用交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)SBR反应器,在21~23℃的条件下启动系统并长期投加亚硝酸盐,考察游离亚硝酸(FNA)对系统好氧吸磷性能的长期抑制作用及驯化后污泥吸磷方式的转化.结果表明,投加FNA后,污泥的释磷和吸磷能力不仅未受到抑制,比释磷速率和比吸磷速率反而高于投加前.FNA浓度(以HNO2-N计)低于0.53×10-3mg·L-1时,系统除磷率均大于96.9%;当FNA浓度提高至0.99×10-3、1.46×10-3、1.94×10-3mg·L-1时,系统除磷率均会大幅下降,分别经过50、12、30 d的运行,除磷率恢复至64.42%、67.33%、44.14%,说明抑制作用导致的除磷性能恶化可以恢复且长期驯化作用能缩短恢复过程.值得注意的是,在低于1.46×10-3mg·L-1范围内,随着FNA投加量的提高,好氧段亚硝酸盐的损失量不断增大.研究还发现,经FNA长期抑制的好氧除磷系统内污泥吸磷方式发生转变,硝酸盐型和亚硝酸盐型缺氧吸磷能力分别为驯化前的3.35倍和3.86倍,说明长期投加FNA有利于富集以NO-2为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌;而且,长期驯化有利于系统内污泥的沉降.     

Ractopamine up take by alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) from soil

Ractopamine is a beta adrenergic agonist used as a growth promoter in swine, cattle and turkeys. To test whether ractopamine has the potential to accumulate in plants grown in contaminated soil, a greenhouse study was conducted with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in two soils having different concentrations of organic matter (1.3% and 2.1%), amended with 0, 0.5, and 10 μg/g of ractopamine. Plant growth ranged from 2.7 to 8.8 g dry weight (dw) for alfalfa, and 8.7 to 40 g dw for wheat and was generally greater in the higher organic matter content soil. The uptake of ractopamine in plant tissues ranged from non-detectable to 897 ng/g and was strongly dependent on soil ractopamine concentration across soil and plant tissue. When adjusted to the total fortified quantities, the amount of ractopamine taken up by the plant tissue was low, < 0.01% for either soil.     

三种挺水植物及其组合净化微污染水体的研究

考察了水芹、鱼腥草、香根草及对校园微污染景观水体的净化效果,分析了植物不同部位的氮磷含量分布.结果表明,水芹、鱼腥草和香根草对水中的TN、TP、CODcr和Chla的去除率范围分别为52.4％～64.3％、46.8％～ 58.4％、69％ ～ 84％和48.1％ ～60％,经7周净化可使听松湖水质由Ⅳ类水变为Ⅲ类水.组合植物对TN、TP、CODcr和Chla的净化效果相对于单种植物作用均没有显著增加(p＞0.05).鱼腥草对水中氮磷的吸收效率最高,香根草次之,水芹最低.3种植物不同部位的植株含氮量为根＞茎＞叶,磷含量为根大于茎叶.     

碳源类型、温度及电子受体对生物除磷的影响

以中试氧化沟系统活性污泥为研究对象,开展了碳源类型、温度、电子受体和COD浓度对释磷、吸磷过程的影响研究.结果表明:25℃时,以生活污水、乙酸钠和葡萄糖为不同碳源,葡萄糖的释磷、吸磷速率最小,分别为5.12 mg·(g·h)-1和6.43 mg·(g·h)-1,生活污水和乙酸钠的释磷、吸磷速率数值相近.在12、16、20和25℃时,以乙酸钠为碳源,释磷、吸磷速率随温度的升高有不同程度的增加;且好氧吸磷速率随外加COD浓度的增大而减小.当以氧、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体时,吸磷速率的大小排序为:氧硝酸盐亚硝酸盐;缺氧吸磷过程的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的消耗量与吸磷量之间的化学计量关系(P吸收/N消耗,质量比)分别为0.96和0.65.     

Absorption and translocation of sulfometuron-methyl in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) at different growth stages

ABSTRACT

In Brazil, weed management in sugarcane fields is mainly done with the use of selective herbicide formulations. For many years, diuron+hexazinone was one of the main herbicide mixture formulations used in sugarcane. Later, sulfometuron-methyl was included in the same mixture, which was marketed as a new herbicide formulation for residual in-season weed control in sugarcane. The mixture diuron+hexazinone+sulfometuron-methyl has been widely used in commercial sugarcane fields in Brazil. However, recent field observations have shown that sugarcane plants at different growth stages varied in their phytotoxicity levels after treatment with diuron+hexazinone+sulfometuron-methyl. Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine ¹⁴Csulfometuron-methyl absorption and translocation, as well as ¹⁴C distribution in sugarcane at two growth stages, 2 to 3 leaves and 5 to 6 leaves. ¹⁴Csulfometuron-methyl absorption by sugarcane did not differ between the two growth stages. Different patterns of ¹⁴C accumulation were observed, which may explain variations in sulfometuron-methyl phytotoxic responses observed in the field.     

Using the useful: characteristics of used palms in south-eastern Ecuador

Plant families differ greatly with regard to their usefulness to humans. Within families there are also large differences in the usefulness between species; some are used for many different purposes, while most are used for few or no purposes. Which ones and to what extent species are used often varies between areas and cultural groups. To better understand variation in speciesȁ9 usefulness we studied the use of different palm species (Arecaceae) among two socio-cultural groups (one indigenous and one colonist group of mixed ethnic descent) living in the same area. We used regression and correlation analyses to determine to what degree use is related to ecological and morphological characteristics, to geographical differences in abundance, and to peopleȁ9s perceptions of speciesȁ9 availability. We found that abundance and height were the most important characteristics related to use, possibly due to the effect of height and abundance on salience, search time, and (for height) suitability for different purposes. Abundance was most important for palm heart extraction, probably due to the opportunistic nature of this activity. There was no difference between socio-cultural groups with regard to the relationship between palm abundance and use, but abundance seemed to be more decisive for people who used moderate amounts of palms. Finally, it was seen that peopleȁ9s estimates of palm abundance were not related to our measurements of abundance, which may be due to use of different spatial scales in evaluating abundance and to the subjective nature of terms such as “rare” and “abundant”.