Developing an Ecosystem Perspective from Experimental Monitoring Programs: I. Demographic Responses of a Rare Geothermal Grass to Soil Temperature

The geysers panic grass [Dichanthelium lanuginosum Spellenberg var. thermale (Bol.) Spellenberg or DILA] is exclusively associated with surface geothermal manifestations in Sonoma County, California, USA (38°46′N, 122°38′W). Steam extraction by power plants could alter the subsurface distribution of heat and water to the site, potentially impacting subpopulations of this rare plant. The purpose of this study was to use demographic monitoring to determine: (1) temporal and spatial patterns of soil temperature in relation to the distribution of established DILA individuals at Little Geysers, (2) in situ response of experimental populations of DILA to spatial variations in soil temperature, and (3) habitat requirements of DILA as an indicator of its tolerance to variations in surficial geothermal features. Thermocouple transects and a datalogger provided data for characterizing the spatial and temporal patterns of soil temperature in four microhabitats (fumarole, DILA stand, Andropogon stand, and cleared). Experimental populations were established by precisely sowing and monitoring DILA seeds in these microhabitats. The results indicated that spatial and temporal variations in soil temperature had significant effects on the processes of germination, growth, survivorship, and reproduction, thus producing a readily observed metapopulation patch dynamic in relation to geothermal activity. Seasonal depressions of soil temperature near the fumaroles by cold air and prolonged rainfall events also promoted the emergence and survival of DILA seedlings in a microhabitat that was previously too hot to occupy. Over longer periods of time, DILA metapopulation dynamism reflected climatic and geothermal variation. Drought years inhibited germination for lack of water, but more importantly for the lack of requisite soil temperature depressions in the fumarole microhabitat. Wet years promoted subpopulation expansion into transition areas that were once too hot and dry. There have also been shifts in the underground distribution of steam into areas distant from known geothermal features. The demographic responses of DILA to spatial and temporal variations in soil temperature indicate that heat is an absolutely essential component of the steam resource. In its absence, germination, seeding survivorship, growth, and maturation are significantly inhibited even if soil conditions are favorable and potential competitors are controlled. Ultimately, persistence of the species depends on maintaining the ecosystem dynamic of colonization and extirpation in response to variations in surficial geothermal features over long spatial and temporal scales. This should shift management perspective from its narrow focus on individual plants to a wider focus on monitoring the essential habitat component of steam.     

水中毒物对硝化反应毒性的快速检测

本文描述了一种利用硝化细菌快速、灵敏的检测急性毒物的方法 ,该方法将ATU作为亚硝酸细菌的选择性抑制剂 ,通过测定硝化细菌的耗氧速率来反映毒物毒性作用的大小 ,同时测定毒物的EC50 值。将本方法应用于底泥毒性检测中 ,与传统方法相比结果一致。     

移动床生物膜反应器处理废水的特性研究

以氧吸收速率(Rou)为指标,研究了移动床生物膜反应器内两相污泥中自养菌和异养菌的生物活性.分别测定了不同温度和不同负荷下,反应区内悬浮相和附着相污泥的Rou.结果表明:温度为5 ℃时,自养菌的硝化活性为18 ℃时的60%左右;附着相微生物的硝化能力较悬浮相微生物低20%～30%;该反应器具有良好的抗低温和负荷冲击的能力.该反应器内2个反应区中附着相和悬浮相污泥的生物活性为:反应区Ⅱ悬浮相>反应区Ⅰ悬浮相>反应区Ⅱ附着相>反应区Ⅰ附着相.反应区Ⅰ,Ⅱ的反硝化速率分别为0.44和0.63 mg/(g·h),说明后者污泥的反硝化活性好于前者.试验结果还表明,在反应器内NO2--N的积累量非常低.      

Biological nitrogen removal with enhanced phosphate uptake in (AO)2 SBR using single sludge system

IntroductionBiologicalphosphorusandnitrogenremovalprocesshasprovidedsignificantbenefitstoameliorateeutrophicationofsurfacewaterwithoutexacerbatingsalination .Recentresearchesonnitrogenremovalaremostlyeithertowardsimprovementofperformanceandenergysavingsintraditionalprocessesortowardsdevelopmentofnewprocesses microorganismsthatareabletoconvertammonium oxidatednitrogenintoharmlessforms.Shorternitrificationanddenitrification ,i.e .partialoxidationofNH 4toNO-2 andsubsequentreductionofthelatterto…     

丛枝菌根真菌对铈污染土壤上玉米生长和铈吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验的方法,模拟不同程度的铈(Ce)污染土壤(100、500、1 000 mg·kg~(-1)),研究接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus aggregatum(GA)和Funneliformis mosseae(FM)对玉米(Zea mays L.)菌根侵染率、生物量、营养元素吸收、C:N:P生态化学计量比和稀土元素Ce吸收、转运的影响,旨在为稀土污染土壤的治理提供基础数据和技术支持.结果表明,GA和FM均与玉米成功建立了互惠共生关系,平均菌根侵染率为7.12%~74.47%;随着土壤Ce污染程度的增加,玉米菌根侵染率、地上部和根部的生物量、营养元素N、P、K的吸收量以及Ce从根到叶的转运率均显著降低,而玉米植株的C:P和N:P、地上部和根部Ce含量显著升高.接种AM真菌不同程度地促进了玉米的生长,在重度Ce污染土壤接种FM对玉米生长的促进作用显著高于GA,而在轻度和中度Ce污染土壤二者之间无显著性差异;接种显著改善了玉米的营养状况,一定程度上显著降低了玉米植株的C:N:P在轻度和中度Ce污染土壤GA对营养元素吸收的促进作用要显著高于FM,而在重度Ce污染土壤则反之;接种也显著增加了轻度Ce污染土壤玉米地上部和根部Ce含量,而对中度和重度Ce污染土壤上玉米Ce的吸收无显著影响,促进了Ce从根部到地上部分的转运.试验初步证明,AM真菌能够减轻稀土元素Ce对植物的毒害作用,在稀土污染土壤的植物修复中具有潜在的应用价值.     

Geophagy: soil consumption enhances the bioactivities of plants eaten by chimpanzees

Geophagy, the deliberate ingestion of soil, is a widespread practice among animals, including humans. Although some cases are well documented, motivations and consequences of this practice on the health status of the consumer remain unclear. In this paper, we focused our study on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kibale National Park, Uganda, after observing they sometimes ingest soil shortly before or after consuming some plant parts such as leaves of Trichilia rubescens, which have in vitro anti-malarial properties. Chemical and mineralogical analyses of soil eaten by chimpanzees and soil used by the local healer to treat diarrhoea revealed similar composition, the clay mineralogy being dominated by kaolinite. We modelled the interaction between samples of the two types of soil and the leaves of T. rubescens in gastric and intestinal compartments and assayed the anti-malarial properties of these solutions. Results obtained for both soil samples are similar and support the hypothesis that soil enhances the pharmacological properties of the bio-available gastric fraction. The adaptive function of geophagy is likely to be multi-factorial. Nevertheless, the medical literature and most of occidental people usually consider geophagy in humans as an aberrant behaviour, symptomatic of metabolic dysfunction. Our results provide a new evidence to view geophagy as a practice for maintaining health, explaining its persistence through evolution.     

生物炭对土CH4、N2O排放的影响

为了探讨生物炭对土CH₄、N₂O排放的影响,采用田间小区试验,测定了生物炭不同添加量（0、20、40、60、80 t·hm^-2）下冬小麦田CH₄、N₂O的吸收/排放通量、小麦产量、土壤有机碳、土壤含水率及不同土层土壤温度.结果表明,CH₄、N₂O的吸收/排放通量随生育期不同变化明显.添加生物炭后,CH₄累积吸收量增加了12.88%~71.61%,当添加量≥ 40 t·hm^-2时,增"汇"作用达到显著水平,且添加量为40 t·hm^-2时CH₄累积吸收量最高;N₂O累积排放量和全球增温潜势与对照相比没有显著差异;温室气体强度降低了13.24%~22.14%.添加生物炭提高了冬小麦产量,增产幅度为1.72%~32.19%,当添加量 ≥ 40 t·hm^-2时,麦田增产效果达到显著水平,40 t·hm^-2生物炭为麦田增产的最适添加量.同时,添加生物炭显著提高了土壤有机碳和土壤含水率,与对照相比,分别增加了1.42~2.69倍、7.08%~11.96%.综合来看,试验土表现为CH₄汇和N₂O源的功能,40 t·hm^-2是其适宜的生物炭添加量.     

CTAC改性膨润土吸附去除水体中高氯酸盐的离子交换性能研究

选用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)改性膨润土以提高膨润土对ClO4-的吸附能力.试验结果表明,CTAC改性能显著提高膨润土对ClO4-的吸附能力,在0.1～l mmol·L-1的C1O4-溶液中,6h内能迅速达到吸附平衡.有机膨润土对ClO4-的吸附最符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,其吸附容量可达0.48 mmol·g-1.pH值在4～10范围内变化对ClO-的吸附几乎没有影响.高的分配系数(Kd＞1.5×103cm3·g-1)表明有机膨润土对ClO4-有很高的选择性,各阴离子的分配系数从小到大的顺序为HPO42-＜ SO42-＜ NO3-＜ ClO4-,这与阴离子的自由水合能大小相一致.1 mol·L-1 HCl溶液对吸附剂的再生效率在96％左右,可直接使用,不用再改性.     

蔬菜镉(Cd)富集因子变化特征及其影响因素

本研究以湖南省攸县为例,测定重金属镉(Cd)在585个灌溉水样品和625对土壤蔬菜样品中的含量水平,结合农业与气象调查数据,应用典型相关分析及路径分析模型研究各环境因子对于Cd在土壤-蔬菜系统累积水平的影响.结果表明研究区灌溉水、土壤、蔬菜中Cd含量差异较大.蔬菜Cd富集因子(PUF)服从自然对数分布,有10%的概率大于1.土壤pH和土壤有机质对PUF有着显著的直接效应,土壤阳离子交换量,灌溉水pH,降雨量和氮肥施肥量通过与pH及土壤有机质的相关关系间接影响PUF变化.研究区土壤pH和土壤有机质含量较低,对于Cd在土壤-蔬菜系统中的累积风险应给予一定关注.     

芦苇人工湿地对农村生活污水磷素的去除及途径

构建了芦苇(Phragmites australis)水平潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水中的磷素,考察了湿地除磷效果以及地上植物吸磷量。结果表明,人工湿地对磷素的去除随水力停留时间的延长而增加,停留时间大于5.3 d时,芦苇湿地除磷效率可以高于88%。湿地进水TP负荷与磷去除速率之间有较好的线性关系(R2>0.91)。湿地植物在11月份收割时,地上生物量为1.65 kg.m-2,芦苇地上部分吸收磷量为3.68 g.m-2.a-1。分析了湿地除磷途径,在试验条件下,湿地填料的吸附和沉淀等作用是水平潜流人工湿地除磷的主要途径,植物吸收仅占湿地总磷去除量的9.1%,但是湿地水生植物是人工湿地重要组成部分,可以通过影响湿地的其他条件间接影响湿地除磷效果。试验证明,人工湿地是适用于农村地区的优良的污水处理技术。