植物酯酶片快速测定蔬菜上有机磷农药

介绍了一种能简便快速测定蔬菜表面有机磷农药的植物酯酶片。它具有价格低,易获取,稳定性好等特点,适用于田间、农贸市场和家庭无仪器设备条件下检测有机磷农药的危险水平。对常用几种有机磷农药,其检测限在０．０６ｍｇ／ｋｇ￣１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ范围。     

螺旋升流式反应器脱氮除磷系统的运行效果与污泥性能分析

对螺旋升流式反应器脱氮除磷及去除COD的运行效果进行了研究 ,该系统连续稳定运行 6个月的结果表明 ,能保证出水平均质量浓度TN小于 1 0mg/L ,TP小于 0 5 0mg/L ,COD小于 31mg/L ,对TN、TP和COD的去除率分别达 86 %、96 %和 94 %以上。并且对SUFR系统的污泥性能进行了分析 :(1 )螺旋升流特征使本反应系统中的污泥易于颗粒化 ;(2 )SUFR系统中的微生物种群具有多样性 ;(3)污泥在好氧反应器中表现出了同步硝化反硝化功能 ;(4 )污泥在缺氧反应器表现出了反硝化吸磷现象     

芦苇人工湿地对农村生活污水磷素的去除及途径

构建了芦苇(Phragmites australis)水平潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水中的磷素,考察了湿地除磷效果以及地上植物吸磷量。结果表明,人工湿地对磷素的去除随水力停留时间的延长而增加,停留时间大于5.3 d时,芦苇湿地除磷效率可以高于88%。湿地进水TP负荷与磷去除速率之间有较好的线性关系(R2>0.91)。湿地植物在11月份收割时,地上生物量为1.65 kg.m-2,芦苇地上部分吸收磷量为3.68 g.m-2.a-1。分析了湿地除磷途径,在试验条件下,湿地填料的吸附和沉淀等作用是水平潜流人工湿地除磷的主要途径,植物吸收仅占湿地总磷去除量的9.1%,但是湿地水生植物是人工湿地重要组成部分,可以通过影响湿地的其他条件间接影响湿地除磷效果。试验证明,人工湿地是适用于农村地区的优良的污水处理技术。     

硅肥施用对重金属污染土壤甘蔗镉吸收的影响研究初探

长期采用受铁矿尾矿水污染的河水进行灌溉的农田,其土壤存在一定重金属镉污染,且土壤酸化严重,有效硅活性低。甘蔗是需硅量较大的植物,因此在甘蔗种植过程中施用碱性硅肥既可补充硅营养又可通过硅肥控制镉的吸收。本试验通过硅肥不同施用量及基肥、基肥＋追肥的施用方式的比较,结果表明：在甘蔗种植中一次性施用硅肥1500 kg·hm-2,可以使土壤中活性较高的弱酸提取态镉占镉总量的比例从38.45%下降到32.51%,而甘蔗不能利用的残渣态镉的占比从11.19%提高到14.78%;硅肥分为基肥与追肥两次施用的方式,其对土壤镉的形态的影响也存在相似的规律,且变化趋势更加显著,弱酸提取态镉占比从40.93%下降到35.47%,降幅更加显著;同样残渣态镉则随着硅肥施用量的增加而增加,其占比从16.26%增加到22.66%;施用硅肥能有效降低甘蔗汁中镉的含量,从一次性作为基肥施用的结果来看,每公顷施用375~1500 kg硅肥,其蔗汁中镉含量随施肥量增加而下降,从168.54μg·L-1降至57.87μg·L-1,降幅为28.26%~60.30%;蔗渣中镉含量也有相似的变化趋势,从468.36μg·kg-1降至377.77μg·kg-1,降幅为7.86%~19.34%;采用基肥＋追肥施用硅肥,无论是蔗汁还是蔗渣,其镉的含量同样随硅肥施用量的增加而下降,蔗汁镉含量的降幅更大,最高可降81.18%,从而达到降低甘蔗汁及蔗渣中镉含量水平的目的。     

小球藻对水中稀土元素的摄取

本文研究了小球藻对水体中轻、中和重稀土元素的摄取。结果表明:小球藻对水中可溶性稀土元素有高的富集能力。摄取动力学为首先迅速吸附在藻细胞表面,随后相对缓慢地扩散到细胞内部,动力学方程可近似表示为C_t=A(1—e~(-K_2t))。稀土元素在藻中的生物积累量与溶液中稀土元素浓度成正相关,藻对稀土元素摄取的BCF值分别为:La 2.44×10~4,Gd 2.47×10~4和Y 2.44×10~4。在试验条件下没有观察到混合稀土元素对藻的协同作用和拮抗作用。     

几种改性磷肥肥效研究初报

在与过磷酸钙生产类似的亚艺条件下,在磷矿粉中加入一定比例的添加剂,研制出3种改性磷肥。化学分析结果表明,在改性磷肥有效磷中,水溶性磷比例下降。盆栽试验结果显示,在等质量施肥条件下,3种改性磷肥均有较大幅度的增产,且植株吸磷量和磷含量有显著的增加。     

基于氧利用速率表征好氧吸磷过程特性

过程监测及调控是废水生物除磷工艺得以长期稳定运行的基础。为了获取氧利用速率（OUR）在生物除磷过程的潜在应用及该过程氧利用特性,开展聚磷菌好氧吸磷过程的呼吸测量实验,分析了OUR曲线变化与磷酸盐浓度变化、胞内聚合物（PHAs）氧化、外源COD存在与否与浓度变化及pH变化之间的响应关系。研究得到如下结果：富集污泥无磷酸盐存在时,体系依然存在明显的氧利用行为,在不吸磷的情况下聚磷菌胞内的PHAs依然会好氧氧化;外源COD的存在将改变PAOs吸磷速率并延长好氧吸磷的结束时间;体系初始pH的不同导致好氧吸磷效率、吸磷过程pH变化趋势及变化程度的不同;不同的初始条件得到不同的OUR。分析证实,利用测量OUR来监测聚磷菌好氧吸磷过程的运行状态是可行的。     

Potential of Pteris vittata L. for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with cadmium and arsenic： The tolerance and accumulation

Field investigation and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the tolerance of Pteris vittata L. （Chinese brake） to cadmium （Cd） and its feasibility for remediating sites co-contaminated with Cd and arsenic （As）. The results showed that P. vittata could survive in pot soils spiked with 80 mg/kg of Cd and tolerated as great as 301 mg/kg of total Cd and 26.8 mg/kg of diethyltriaminepenta acetic acid （DTPA）-extractable Cd under field conditions. The highest concentration of Cd in fronds was 186 mg/kg under a total soil concentration of 920 mg As/kg and 98.6 mg Cd/kg in the field, whereas just 2.6 mg/kg under greenhouse conditions. Ecotypes of P. vittata were differentiated in tolerance and accumulation of Cd, and some of them could not only tolerate high concentrations of soil Cd, but also accumulated high concentrations of Cd in their fronds. Arsenic uptake and transportation by P. vittata was not inhibited at lower levels （〈20 mg/kg） of Cd addition. Compared to the treatment without addition of Cd, the frond As concentration was increased by 103.8% at 20 mg Cd/kg, with the highest level of 6434 mg/kg. The results suggested that the Cd-tolerant ecotype of P. vittata extracted effectively As and Cd from the site co-contaminated with Cd and As, and might be used to remediate and revegetate this type of site.     

高效藻类塘磷酸盐去除机理研究

从磷酸盐化学沉淀和藻类吸收两个方面探讨了高效藻类塘中磷酸盐的去除机理。首先通过化学沉淀及其解析解释了高效藻类塘中pH与磷酸盐浓度昼夜变化规律;其次测定了pH=7．5时藻类对磷酸盐的日均吸收速率;最后对高效藻类塘中磷酸盐浓度的变化规律进行了总结。     

Compost: Its role,mechanism and impact on reducing soil-borne plant diseases

Soil-borne plant pathogens are responsible for causing many crop plant diseases, resulting in significant economic losses. Compost application to agricultural fields is an excellent natural approach, which can be taken to fight against plant pathogens. The application of organic waste products is also an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical use, which unfortunately is the most common approach in agriculture today. This review analyses pioneering and recent compost research, and also the mechanisms and mode of action of compost microbial communities for reducing the activity of plant pathogens in agricultural crops. In addition, an approach for improving the quality of composts through the microbial communities already present in the compost is presented. Future agricultural practices will almost definitely require integrated research strategies to help combat plant diseases.