芽孢杆菌DQ02吸附摄取、运输和降解正十六烷的机理研究

使用大庆油田石油污染土壤中分离出的优势菌种(芽孢杆菌DQ02),研究其对正十六烷吸附摄取、运输和降解的机理.结果表明,芽孢杆菌DQ02细胞可能与比其小得多的被溶解、似溶解的烷烃颗粒作用,也可能会与比细胞大的烷烃颗粒直接接触这种方式摄取正十六烷,并且DQ02对正十六烷的吸附过程为快速表面吸附过程.芽孢杆菌DQ02运输正十...     

Ecosystem responses to reduced and oxidised nitrogen inputs in European terrestrial habitats

While it is well established that ecosystems display strong responses to elevated nitrogen deposition, the importance of the ratio between the dominant forms of deposited nitrogen (NH_x and NO_y) in determining ecosystem response is poorly understood. As large changes in the ratio of oxidised and reduced nitrogen inputs are occurring, this oversight requires attention. One reason for this knowledge gap is that plants experience a different NH_x:NO_y ratio in soil to that seen in atmospheric deposits because atmospheric inputs are modified by soil transformations, mediated by soil pH. Consequently species of neutral and alkaline habitats are less likely to encounter high NH₄⁺ concentrations than species from acid soils. We suggest that the response of vascular plant species to changing ratios of NH_x:NO_y deposits will be driven primarily by a combination of soil pH and nitrification rates. Testing this hypothesis requires a combination of experimental and survey work in a range of systems.     

水动力条件对龙须菜N吸收的影响

通过在室外0.5t的玻璃缸桶内对不同放养密度的龙须菜进行流水和静水的氮吸收比较养殖试验,发现龙须菜可以同时吸收介质中的铵态氮和硝态氮;静水导致水体中的pH值升高,最大的上升了1单位以上;龙须菜的吸收造成介质中营养盐的减少,在试验开始3h后,静水组的高放养密度处理中出现氮吸收抑制现象;采用流水方式,水流速度在(160～175)L·h-1范围,养殖介质的条件相对稳定,藻体所吸收的氮量也较多,流水组的2kg和4kg处理分别比静水相应处理多吸收N为5.80、10.25(16∶00)和7.64、11.59mg(18∶00),分别比静水条件增加24、31和18、27%。     

亚热带地区组合氧化塘的研究

本文研究了亚热带地区升流式厌氧塘与水生植物兼性塘、好氧塘串连组合处理生活污水的运行规律,获得了该组合工艺的设计参数;推导出可供设计用的经验方程式;不推荐用好氧塘作为二级处理出水的深度处理。      

利用稳定同位素示踪技术研究大型溞（Daphnia magna）对水环境中溶解性铜的吸收

由于缺乏合适的放射性同位素,生物对Cu的吸收以及Cu在生物体内的迁移转化等动力学研究一直较为匮乏.论文以大型溞(Daphniamagna)为受试生物,以稳定同位素65Cu作为示踪剂,研究了不同Cu浓度下,大型溞对水相中Cu的吸收.结果表明,在低浓度下,大型溞的吸收随着水相中Cu浓度的增加而增加.随着水相中Cu浓度的升高,大型溞的吸收逐渐趋于饱和.水相吸收速率和Cu的暴露浓度符合米氏方程(Michaelis-Menten Function),最大吸收速率Imax为14.6μg·g-1·h-1,米氏常数Km为3.2μg·L-1,平均水相吸收速率常数ku为1.23L·g-1·h-1.     

三七及种植土壤重金属污染特征与风险评价

以主产地云南省文山州三七及其种植土壤为研究对象,测定土壤和三七地上和地下部重金属镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)含量,揭示三七对重金属的吸收转运特征,通过分析重金属日摄入量(ADI)和靶标危害商数(THQ),评估三七中Cd、As、Pb的食品安全风险和人体健康风险.结果表明:种植土壤Cd、As含量为0.07～4.1和13.9～310mg/kg,超标率为63.2%和79%,Pb未超标;综合污染指数P>3,均值3.52,表明达重度污染等级;Cd、As单因子污染指数P_Cd/As>1的土壤样品占比为63.2%和84.2%,表明土壤Cd、As达轻度污染等级.三七地上和地下部Cd、As、Pb含量分别为0.05～0.69、0.07～0.73,0.25～1.06、0.09～1.73和0.12～1.13、0.07～0.66mg/kg dw,Cd超标率为26.3%～36.8%,As、Pb无超标,表明三七易吸收Cd且存在超标现象,需重点关注.三七Cd含量与土壤Cd含量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),As、Pb表现为负相关,生物浓缩因子BCF_Cd=...     

亚微米颗粒物和微米颗粒物中的铅在水稻叶片中的富集比较

叶片对大气颗粒物中铅的吸收富集会对水稻本身产生毒性效应,然而目前关于叶片对不同粒径颗粒物中铅富集能力的研究较少.因此,本研究采用叶片喷施等铅浓度飞灰颗粒物的方法,探讨水稻生长后期剑叶对亚微米颗粒物和微米颗粒物中铅的吸收作用,讨论不同粒径颗粒物中铅向叶片迁移的可能机制.结果表明,向水稻剑叶分别喷施等铅浓度的亚微米飞灰颗粒物和微米颗粒物后,亚微米颗粒物处理组的剑叶和稻米的铅含量均显著高于微米颗粒物处理组.亚微米颗粒物中的铅从叶片反面表皮向内扩散,富集在维管束中,并引起叶肉中铅含量的显著升高.相比之下,微米颗粒物处理组的铅向植物叶片内迁移扩散趋势较弱.基于铅同位素分析,亚微米颗粒物组飞灰源对叶肉中铅含量的贡献为80%,而微米颗粒物组飞灰源的贡献仅为31%～42%.亚微米颗粒物组铅在细胞质中的含量比例升高,由此产生的毒性作用会更大.因此,关注大气亚微米颗粒物中铅在水稻叶片的迁移富集具有一定的必要性.     

石灰岩和砂岩地区豆科类植物紫花光叶苕(Vicia villosa)中铁和锰的不同分配模式

豆科类植物生物量的减少主要与氮和磷之间的平衡受到影响而有紧密的相关性。然而,其他营养元素之间的不平衡也能响应生物量的减少,比如铁和锰营养元素。选择了贵州茂兰相邻的石灰岩和砂岩地区土壤进行了野外种植实验。实验结果表明:生长着的豆科类植物铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)出现互为相反的分配模式:在砂岩地区生长的豆科类植物根部对铁的吸收相对高于石灰岩地区;而对锰的吸收,石灰岩地区高于砂岩地区。因此,植物根部的Fe∶Mn,砂岩地区高于石灰岩地区。这个结果说明豆科类植物根部对Fe和Mn的吸收存在不同模式。然而,在叶片中的Fe∶Mn砂岩地区和石灰岩地区之间基本没有区别,这说明铁和锰从根部到叶片的迁移具有不同模式。当叶片的Fe∶Mn(质量之比)低于2.9时,有可能响应豆科类植物生物量的减少。我们在研究植物与土壤的营养元素含量之间相关性时,越过环境因素,必须考虑植物内部随生长过程而发生变化的营养元素的化学计量,比如,生长着的植物中Fe∶Mn比值的变化等。     

In vivo assessment of plant extracts for control of plant diseases: A sesquiterpene ketolactone isolated from Curcuma zedoaria suppresses wheat leaf rust

As an alternative to synthetic pesticides, natural materials such as plant extracts and microbes have been considered to control plant diseases. In this study, methanol extracts of 120 plants were explored for in vivo antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia triticina, and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Of the 120 plant extracts, eight plant extracts exhibited a disease control efficacy of more than 90% against at least one of five plant diseases. In particular, a methanol extract of Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes exhibited strong activity against wheat leaf rust caused by P. triticina. When the C. zedoaria methanol extracts were partitioned with various solvents, the layers of n-hexane, methylene chloride, and ethyl acetate showed disease control values of 100, 80, and 43%, respectively, against wheat leaf rust. From the C. zedoaria rhizome extracts, an antifungal substance was isolated and identified as a sesquiterpene ketolactone based on the mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The active compound controlled the development of rice sheath blight, wheat leaf rust, and tomato late blight. Considering the in vivo antifungal activities of the sesquiterpene ketolactone and the C. zedoaria extracts, these results suggest that C. zedoaria can be used as a potent fungicide in organic agriculture.     

Optimising herbicide dose: a straightforward approach to reduce the risk of side effects of herbicides

Public concern of possible effects of pesticides on human health and the environment has lead to an increased pressure on farmers to optimise their use of pesticides. Reducing pesticide doses below the recommended doses whenever possible is a straightforward approach to reduce the risk of adverse side effects. To adopt this approach decision-making has to be improved. The parameters to consider optimising herbicide doses are: weed flora and growth stage, crop competitiveness, climatic conditions, application technique, formulation/adjuvant and combination with other pesticides. In Denmark this information is provided to farmers through the decision support system ‹Plant Protection Online’. Based on input on weed species and densities, climatic conditions, soil type, crop cultivar and expected yield ‹Plant Protection Online’ will provide farmers with optimum herbicide solution usually with doses lower than standard recommended doses.