不同施肥处理对东北黑土温室气体排放的短期影响

以东北耕作黑土为对象,在25℃和60%最大持水量(WHC)条件下开展为期7 d的室内培养试验,研究了不同施肥处理对东北黑土温室气体排放的短期影响.结果表明,与不施肥对照处理相比,单施氮肥对土壤呼吸释放的CO_2没有影响,而在施用氮肥的基础上配施有机物料使得CO_2排放量提高了一个数量级,氮肥配施秸秆对CO_2排放的促进效果大于氮肥配施猪粪.短期培养时间内施用氮肥对N_2O排放没有显著影响,硝化作用是对照处理和单施氮肥处理土壤排放N_2O的主要过程.与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥配施猪粪或秸秆显著促进了反硝化过程,使得N_2O排放量提高了两个数量级,氮肥配施秸秆处理的N_2O排放量显著大于氮肥配施猪粪处理.单施氮肥抑制了CH_4的排放,表现为对CH_4的微量吸收,而氮肥配施猪粪或秸秆则显著促进了CH_4的排放.     

4种不同工况生物滤池净化效能与微生物特性分析

为了从微生物层面探讨曝气、挂膜周期、池形(或流态)改变对生物滤池净化效率的影响,试验设计了4种不同工况的生物滤池,即MAVF、NAVF、NVF、BHF,其中前三者为垂直流滤池,最后一种为折流式水平流滤池. 4组滤池框架和滤料相同,MAVF与BHF串联,且于试验前期运行1 a,NAVF及NVF为新启用滤池. 4组滤池采取同步序批式运行,其中MAVF、NAVF进行间歇曝气,其余两组未曝气.于新启用滤池挂膜阶段,对4组滤池同步处理生活污水的净化效率进行持续监测,并于挂膜结束后采集基质样品分析滤池微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,3组垂直流滤池的净化效率显著高于水平流滤池;曝气显著提高了滤池的净化效能,但与滤池微生物成熟度相比,前者的影响更弱. 4组滤池内均无明显的硝氮、亚硝氮积累,反硝化进行得很彻底. 16S r DNA高通量测序分析表明,4组滤池的多样性指数高低是BHF MAVF NAVF NVF,表明滤池愈成熟,多样性指数愈高. 4组滤池内微生物以兼性异养菌为主,且以异养反硝化脱氮菌最为丰富. NVF及BHF滤池内发生了异养硝化过程,曝气促进了滤池内好氧硝化菌的富集. 4组滤池内均未检测到好氧聚磷菌,磷的去除以反硝化聚磷为主.试验工况下,滤池对总氮的去除率不高主要归结于滤池内尚未富集到自养硝化菌或其丰度不高,后者导致滤池的氨氧化能力有限,进而影响总氮去除.以上研究结果表明,不同工况的调整会影响到生物滤池的氧化还原状态和功能菌富集,进而最终影响净化效率.     

沸石粉和硝化抑制剂投加对污泥堆肥过程中氮素保存和温室气体排放的影响

沸石粉能够通过对氨氮的物理吸附作用,降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失;硝化抑制剂(如3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐,DMPP)能够抑制氨氧化细菌的活性,阻止硝化反应中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,从而从源头减少反硝化作用而造成的氧化亚氮温室气体的排放.目前国内针对沸石粉和硝化抑制剂(DMPP)作为添加剂对污泥堆肥过程中的保氮作用研究较少,其是否能够实现污泥堆肥过程中温室气体减排也值得深入探讨.本研究以脱水污泥作为研究对象,以蘑菇渣为辅料,设置空白对照、沸石粉和硝化抑制剂(DMPP)添加组,进行21 d的堆肥试验,研究沸石粉和DMPP的添加对污泥堆肥过程的氮素损失和温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,1%的沸石粉添加(湿重)不仅可以减少5%的温室气体排放,而且能够减少2.9%的总氮损失;而DMPP的添加虽然可以减少N_2O的排放,但会显著增加CH_4及NH_3的排放,从而导致温室气体排放和氮素损失的增加.     

海河流域典型重污染河流滏阳河沉积物氨化和硝化速率研究

为探究海河流域重污染河流高氨氮形成的原因,选择典型重污染河流滏阳河作为研究对象,分析了滏阳河上游邯郸与邢台段和下游石家庄与衡水段水-沉积物界面氨氮的分布特征和沉积物氨化及硝化反应速率.结果表明,滏阳河上覆水和孔隙水中氨氮呈现出下游高于上游的分布特征,其中上覆水氨氮平均浓度为15.72 mg·L~(-1),孔隙水氨氮平均浓度为21.10 mg·L~(-1),氨氮表现为从沉积物向水体扩散.滏阳河全河段表层沉积物氨化速率平均值为4.300μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),其中上游氨化速率平均值为3.360μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),下游氨化速率平均值为5.232μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1);滏阳河整体潜在硝化速率处于较低水平,范围在0.001~0.598μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为0.152μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),平均氨化速率约为平均潜在硝化速率的28倍.通过相关性分析可知,氨化速率与沉积物氨氮、总有机氮和全氮显著正相关,与硝氮显著负相关;潜在硝化速率与沉积物硝氮、总有机氮和全氮显著正相关,与总有机碳和碳氮比显著负相关.研究表明,滏阳河沉积物氨化速率远大于潜在硝化速率并形成氨氮累积是造成滏阳河高氨氮现象的重要原因之一,沉积物中累积的氨氮存在通过扩散作用向上覆水释放的风险.     

CAST工艺脱氮的研究

在CAST工艺中，通过控制活性污泥工艺的反应环境可以使氮的去除过程优化。将传统的处理方法和周期循环运行过程的处理效果做长时间的比较，通过检测比较硝化速率，同时硝化反硝化以及除磷效果，可知，当运行负荷相同时，周期循环运行过程是一种很有优势的污水处理方法。     

生物脱氮新工艺的研究进展

生物脱氮新工艺由于其独特的优点日益引起人们的关注。阐述了生物脱氮新工艺的机理、特点及研究进展。     

Study of Fractionation and Potential Mobility of Metal from the Guadalquivir Estuary: Changes in Mobility with Time and Influence of the Aznalcollar Mining Spill

This study analyzed the evolution of metal levels in surface sediments from the Guadalquivir estuary between 1997 and 2002 and assessed the impact of the April 1998 Aznalcollar tailings dam failure and subsequent cleanup on metal concentrations in surface sediments. We also analyzed metal distribution with time in five chemical fractions of the surface sediments: exchangable, carbonate, reducible, oxidizable, and residual. This work showed that the April 1998 Aznalcollar tailings dam failure caused a considerable increase in the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb in the surface sediments of the Guadalquivir estuary. It was also found there was a change in the distribution of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb between the chemical fractions of the sediment after the failure of the dam. There were increases in the percentages of Cd in the carbonate fraction, of Zn and Pb in the reducible fraction, and of Cu in the oxidizable fraction, whereas the percentages of these elements associated with the residual fraction decreased. In 1999, there was a decrease in the metal concentrations in the surface sediments from the Guadalquivir estuary, and by 2000 the chemical distribution and metal levels had returned to levels similar those before the dam failure.     

Topographic Controls of Nitrogen,Sulfur, and Carbon Transport from a Tolerant Hardwood Hillslope

The lateral down-slope movement of water, NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ^2-, H⁺ and DOC through an ablation till was examined from 1987 to 1990 for a one hectaresoil catena on a steep hillslope with uniform forest cover at the Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW), Ontario, Canada. Natural variation in the export of nutrients from the soil profile via soil water to Little Turkey Lake was assessed in relation to nutrient distribution in soil at different topographic positions.Subsurface throughflow exhibited dramatic differences in nutrientconcentrations and fluxes with slope position, largely reflectingthat of the soil horizons through which the water passed. GreaterNO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-, and DOC concentrations in subsurface water in the upper, well-drained hillslope were a reflection of enrichment by contact with more acidic, more developed podzols, and more favorable soil physical and biological conditions for NO₃ ^- retention in solution.Nutrient inputs to the lake were strongly influenced by increaseddown-slope transport of water, and increased SO₄ ^2-, N, and C retention in wetter, less-developed podzolic soils that characterize lower slope positions. An understanding of water movement and soil development variation withtopographic position was required to accurately estimate nutrient budgets for steep slopes at TLW.     

水温及污泥龄对生物处理系统运行的影响

水温和污泥龄对硝化作用有着重要的影响；水温和污泥龄对污泥增长量也起着主导性作用。指出水温对难降解程度有重大影响。     

煤与瓦斯突出起动过程的突变理论研究

分析了煤与瓦斯突出的起动和发展机制,在此基础上,应用突变理论,采取拓扑变换的方法,得到了描述突出起动过程的突变势函数,讨论了突出起动过程的突变条件,并据此解释了防突措施的机理。所得结论与防突工程实践中的认识相一致,表明突变理论可望为研究煤与瓦斯突出机制提供一种新的方法