Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L.as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand culture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator,uptake and transport of arsenate(As(V))and arsenite(As(III))were studied using Pteris vittata L.under sandculture.Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P.vittata.The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds,and relatively weak in root and rhizome.Moderateincreases,from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L,in phosphate reduced uptake of As(III)more than As(V),while the reverse was observed at highconcentrations of phosphate(1.0 mmol/L).Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in frondsof P.vittata when As was supplied as As(V).It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(V)during transport.Incontrast,phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(III).Therefore,the results from presentexperiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P.vittata,especially inthe fronds,when exposed to As(V);but the suppression of phosphate to As transport may be insignificant when P.vittata exposed toAs(III)under sand culture conditions.The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P.vittata.     

植物修复过程中蜈蚣草对土壤养分的吸收动态:5年田间定位试验

鉴于砷超富集植物蜈蚣草已被成功地用于修复砷污染土壤,本研究通过连续5年的植物修复田间试验,研究了土壤氮、磷、钾的消减动态和蜈蚣草对土壤氮、磷和钾的吸收动态.结果表明:种植蜈蚣草可使土壤全氮含量降低约25%(2100～2700mg.kg-1),土壤全磷和全钾含量的年际变化不明显;蜈蚣草地上部氮、磷和钾含量分别为1.23～2.38、0.14～0.47和1.10～2.01g.kg-1,地上部带走的总氮、总磷和总钾量分别为23～89、4.4～13.0和21～69kg.hm-2.a-1;与水稻和小麦相比,蜈蚣草对氮、磷和钾的吸收量都较低,但如果在连续种植过程中不施肥,蜈蚣草则可能会出现养分亏缺问题.     

Pb、Zn及其交互作用对蜈蚣草抗氧化酶及叶绿素含量的影响

采用水培实验的方法,研究了Pb、Zn及其交互作用对蜈蚣草抗氧化酶及叶绿素含量的影响.实验结果显示,Pb浓度在0—50 mg·L-1时,蜈蚣草叶绿素含量随Zn浓度增加逐渐升高、MDA含量逐渐降低,Pb、Zn交互作用可促进植株叶绿素合成.Pb浓度在100—400 mg·L-1时,Pb、Zn交互作用则降低叶绿素含量;在Pb浓度400 mg·L-1时,Pb、Zn交互作用显著增加MDA含量.实验结果还显示,在Pb浓度固定时,蜈蚣草叶片SOD、CAT的活性随Zn浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;POD随着Zn处理浓度的增加持续增加.在Zn浓度一定时,蜈蚣草叶片SOD、CAT、POD的活性随Pb浓度增加先上升后下降.由此可见,在低Pb、Zn浓度下,Pb、Zn交互作用表现为协同作用;在高Pb、Zn浓度下,Pb、Zn交互作用表现为拮抗作用.     

龙葵、大叶井口边草和短萼灰叶对Pb、Cd和As污染农田的修复研究

以云南省个旧市重金属污染农田为研究对象,通过野外田间试验研究7种配置种植方式下龙葵(Solanum nigrum)、大叶井口边草(Pteris cretica var.nervosa)和短萼灰叶(Tephrosia candida)对Pb、Cd和As的吸收特征,探讨3种植物不同配置方式对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田的修复潜力.结果表明:供试农田土壤Cd和As含量均超出GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的三级标准.所有不同植物配置种植方式中,龙葵地上部对Cd的吸收量最大,为(6.99±0.25) mg·kg-1,大叶井口边草地上部对As的吸收量最大,为(326.98±93.99) mg·kg-1,短萼灰叶地上部对Pb的吸收量最大,为(32.96±5.65) mg· kg-1,均低于超富集植物的临界阈值(Cd 100 mg· kg-1,As1 000 mg·kg-1,Pb 1 000mg· kg-1).比较7种种植方式对污染土壤中重金属的提取效率发现,单作龙葵条件下,龙葵地上部对Pb、Cd和As的吸收量最大,年吸收量分别为1 004.97、152.04和1 534.47g· hm-2,若将Cd和As污染农田土壤修复达到GB 15618-1995中的三级标准,提取效率分别为2.811 6％和1.413％.这说明单作龙葵对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田具有一定修复潜力,但不适用于修复高浓度重金属污染农田.     

Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated paddy soils with Pteris vittata markedly reduces arsenic uptake by rice

Arsenic (As) accumulation in food crops such as rice is of major concern. To investigate whether phytoremediation can reduce As uptake by rice, the As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata was grown in five contaminated paddy soils in a pot experiment. Over a 9-month period P. vittata removed 3.5-11.4% of the total soil As, and decreased phosphate-extractable As and soil pore water As by 11-38% and 18-77%, respectively. Rice grown following P. vittata had significantly lower As concentrations in straw and grain, being 17-82% and 22-58% of those in the control, respectively. Phytoremediation also resulted in significant changes in As speciation in rice grain by greatly decreasing the concentration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). In two soils the concentration of inorganic As in rice grain was decreased by 50-58%. The results demonstrate an effective stripping of bioavailable As from contaminated paddy soils thus reducing As uptake by rice.     

蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果

通过2年的原位修复试验,探讨了蜈蚣草对污染土地中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的修复(去除)潜力.研究结果表明,蜈蚣草除了能富集As外,对Pb也有较强的富集能力,地上部Pb含量可高达1303mg·kg-1·蜈蚣草生物量达到了极大值时,地上部As、Pb、Zn、Cu含量可分别高达1455、937、365、101mg·kg-1.蜈蚣草对As和Pb都具有良好的修复效果,每年刈割2次蜈蚣草,As、Pb分别能够去除15.5kg·hm-2·a-1和8.5kg·hm-·2a-1.蜈蚣草对As、Pb、Zn有很强的耐性,在土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu含量高达10913、2511、510mg·kg-1时,不会显著降低蜈蚣草的生物量.     

砷超富集植物蜈蚣草的离体培养及植株再生

探讨了蜈蚣草组织培养的最佳孢子萌发培养基、初代培养基、最佳继代培养基、生根培养基。结果表明,蜈蚣草孢子在1/2MS孢子萌发培养基上萌发效果最好,经初代培养后最佳继代培养基为1/2 MS+6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L,经生根培养后炼苗移栽成活,因此通过孢子组织培养成为蜈蚣草幼苗快速繁殖的最佳途径。     

四川汉源万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构对重金属的响应特征

为了充分挖掘重金属污染地区植物共附生细菌资源,提高重金属污染土壤生态修复的效率,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)技术,对四川省汉源县万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草根状茎中共附生细菌多样性和群落结构进行了研究,并分析了共附生细菌群落结构与蜈蚣草根状茎中有效重金属间的关系.结果表明,不同采样点间的蜈蚣草共附生细菌多样性存在明显差异,多样性指数和丰富度指数均表现为尾矿矿口弃渣区选矿区农田.基于DGGE回收条带序列的系统发育显示,蜈蚣草共附生细菌包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacteria)和弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)等细菌类群.相关性分析表明,共附生细菌多样性指数和丰富度指数均与有效Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和As含量呈显著正相关(p0.05).冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)显示,有效As是影响蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构的关键因子,对砷含量较高的采样点,砷对蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落有促进作用,在砷含量相对较低的采样点,共附生细菌群落与砷呈负相关.研究表明,蜈蚣草存在丰富的共附生细菌种群,这些种群受蜈蚣草中有效重金属含量的影响明显,在修复重金属特别是砷污染土壤方面表现出潜在应用价值.     

野外条件下土壤砷浓度对蜈蚣草砷富集特征的影响

以As超富集植物蜈蚣草广泛分布的湖南省郴州市为例,调查了不同As污染程度下植物对As的富集和转运特点.结果表明,在野外条件下根际土壤中As浓度相对较低时(64～1000mg/kg),蜈蚣草地上部As浓度随根际土壤中As浓度的增加而逐渐增加,而在根际土壤中As浓度相对较高(1000～2712mg/kg)时,蜈蚣草地上部As浓度表现为逐渐下降的趋势.在调查的所有样点中,蜈蚣草对As的转运系数介于1.08到6.03之间,显示出超富集植物的典型特征.结果还表明,在污染区土壤As浓度存在很大的空间变异性,根际土壤与非根际土壤之间的As浓度也存在很大差异.因此,在野外调查时最好是直接采取距离植物根部最近的根际土壤.     

蜈蚣草生长对其根际铜尾矿土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验,研究了蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)生长对其根际铜尾矿土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,蜈蚣草根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性均随着植物的生长而呈现不同程度的升高,其中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性均与植物生长时间之间呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性在植物生长旺盛期达到峰值,分别为对照组的3.59和2.58倍,随后逐渐下降;而磷酸酶活性却随着植物的生长而显著降低。过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性与蜈蚣草地下部分干质量的相关性大于其地上部分,且5种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质含量之间相关显著。蜈蚣草生长可有效改善根际铜尾矿的基质环境和根际土壤肥力水平,因此,在铜尾矿废弃地恢复实践中具有较大的应用潜力。