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81.
82.
Characterization of human manure-derived biochar and energy-balance analysis of slow pyrolysis process 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xuan Liu Zifu Li Yaozhong Zhang Rui Feng Ibrahim Babatunde Mahmood 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1619-1626
Biochars have received increasing attention in recent years because of their soil improvement potential, contaminant immobilization properties, and ability to function as carbon sinks. This study adopted a pyrolytic process to prepare a series of biochars from dried human manure at varying temperatures. The thermal analysis of human manure and physicochemical properties of the resulting biochars illustrated that human manure can be a favorable feedstock for biochar production. In particular, the porous texture and nutrient-rich properties of biochars produced from human manure and may significantly enhance soil fertility when used as used soil additives. A temperature range of 500–600 °C was optimal for human manure biochar production. Significantly, when the moisture content of the feedstock is lower than 57%, the system could not only harvest manure-derived biochar but also have a net energy output, which can be provide heat source for nearby users. 相似文献
83.
Animal manures generally contain high levels of heavy metals that may pose a significant threat to soil and groundwater qualities. Pyrolysis as means of reducing metal availability in such feed stocks is recently encouraged, but systematic studies are currently lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of pyrolysis temperature on the availability of Cu and Zn by chemical extraction, to determine the speciation of Cu and Zn by synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, and finally to investigate the phase distribution of metal species in the carbonaceous materials by combining acid–base extractions and absorption spectroscopy data. The results showed that both Cu and Zn in the swine manure were mainly bound to organic functional groups. Cu (II) reduction and Cu (I)–S complexes were observed during the pyrolysis process. Zn species resembling ZnAc2 was still dominant, being 60.8–69.2%, and ZnS increased by 6.6–21.8% in the carbonaceous materials. The distribution of Cu and Zn in the mineral, carbonized and non-carbonized organic phases varied greatly with the pyrolysis temperature. The higher the temperature, the more the metals existed in the mineral phase and carbonized organic phase. The decrease of EDTA extractable Cu and Zn with pyrolysis temperature was due to the increase of metals in the carbonized organic phase and mineral phase. It is suggested that pyrolysis at the relatively higher temperature is a better choice for metal-containing manure according to the metal speciation, solubility and availability. 相似文献
84.
85.
利用热重分析仪对市场上两种壁纸(普通壁纸和防火壁纸)在不同气氛、不同升温速率条件下的热解特性进行了研究。实验结果表明:空气气氛下壁纸的失重温度区间相对N2气氛向低温区移动,总失重率增加,残碳量减少,热解更完全。随升温速率提高,壁纸的热解曲线有向高温区移动的趋势,增大升温速率使主要热解阶段初始热解温度升高,最大失重速率增加,总失重率增加,热解更完全。防火壁纸与普通壁纸相比不易分解燃烧,更有利于防火。 相似文献
86.
87.
In recent years, pyrolysis processes have become technologies developed to industrial scale and discussed as alternatives to the existing waste combustion technology. However, little information is published regarding PCDD/F formation characteristics during pyrolysis processes. Two common shredder fractions – industrial light shredder (ILS) and refrigerators (REF) – both with high chlorine and copper content were pyrolysed for this pyrolysis study using a pilot plant with a capacity of 100 kg/h. At oxygen concentrations below 2% and temperatures between 430°C and 470°C, considerable amounts of PCDD/F were formed during the pyrolysis. More than 90% of total TEQ was found in the oil fraction (gas phase). The PCDD/PCDF ratio and the homologue pattern differed significantly from those formed during waste incineration. Considering mono- to octachlorinated congeners, up to 400 times more PCDF were formed compared to PCDD. For the investigated pyrolysis conditions, the formation of low chlorinated congeners was highly favoured. The distribution of TEQ within the individual congeners were very similar in all investigated runs. More than 80% of total TEQ stem from 2,3,7,8-substituted T4CDF and P5CDF. The isomer pattern, however, did not show significant differences compared to the common waste incineration pattern suggesting that the basic formation routes are similar. 相似文献
88.
Toshiro Tsuji Yoshiki Tanaka Hironori Itoh 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2001,3(1):2-7
Plastic pellets of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were gasified in a two-stage thermal degradation
process. The first stage is the conversion of polyolefins to distilled oils using a melting vessel. In the second stage, the
oils from the first stage are gasified using a tubular reactor. The distilled oil yields of PE, PP, and PS in the first stage
were 84, 89, 92 wt%, respectively, each at 470°C. The total gas yields of PE, PP, and PS in the second stage were 80, 74,
and 6.2 wt%, respectively, each at 800°C. The main components of the product gas for PE and PP were methane and olefins such
as ethene and propene. Some aromatic oils, including benzene, toluene, and xylene, were also produced as by-products. The
amount of carbonaceous residue, or coke, was very low (less than 1 wt%). By dividing the process into two stages, the coking
rate was considerably reduced compared with direct gasification of the polyolefins.
Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 17, 2000 相似文献
89.
Kuniyasu Kawaguchi Kazutada Miyakoshi Kiyoshi Momonoi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2002,4(2):102-110
It is important to investigate the pyrolysis processes of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the same way as for any mixture
comprised of multiple substances. In this article, a two-reaction model for a variety of MSW mixtures is proposed to predict
mass changes due to pyrolysis. In order to formulate the model based on pyrolysis kinetics, we conducted experiments to determine
the kinetic model parameters. By thermal analysis of the typical components of MSW, mass changes attributable to the pyrolysis
reaction were found at about 350°C for paper, 400°–500°C for plastics, and 200°–400°C for garbage (dry condition). Activation
energies were obtained by the Ozawa method based on the mass changes in pyrolysis. Thus, the pyrolysis behavior is formulated
as a function of temperature. Then the pyrolysis mass change of the mixture can be predicted by using a weighted sum of the
individual components. The model proved useful in experiments with real waste (refuse-derived fuels). Furthermore, the weight
yields (pyrolysis gas, tars, solid residues) of the mixture can be calculated by their additive property after measuring the
mass balance of each component.
Received: May 11, 2001 / Accepted: November 16, 2001 相似文献
90.
Conversion of leather wastes to useful products 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Onur Ylmaz I. Cem Kantarli Mithat Yuksel Mehmet Saglam Jale Yanik 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2007,49(4):436-448
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the production of useful materials from different kinds of leather waste. Three different types of tannery wastes (chromium- and vegetable-tanned shavings, and buffing dust) were pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures of 450 and 600 °C under N2 atmosphere. Gas, oil, ammonium carbonate and carboneous residue were obtained by pyrolysis. The effect of temperature and type of leather waste on product distribution of pyrolysis was investigated. Buffing dust gave the highest yield of oil (ca. 23%), while other wastes recorded yields of ca. 9%. Results of elemental analysis and column chromatography showed that pyrolysis oils could be used as fuel or chemical feedstock after re-treatment. The yields of carboneous residue (chars) were between 37.5% and 48.5% and their calorific value was between 4300 and 6000 kcal kg−1, suitable for use as solid fuel. In addition, these chars were activated by CO2 to obtain the activated carbon. The activated carbon having highest surface area (799.5 m2 g−1) was obtained from chromium-tanned shavings. Activated carbons prepared from chromium-tanned leather were presented as an adsorbant for the adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution. 相似文献