On the horizontal homogeneity of mass-related aerosol properties

We studied the mass-related aerosol properties, simultaneously attwo sites at the urban roof top level in the same city. Nosystematic influence of the wind vector on the difference in theaerosol concentrations between the two locations could be found.These results are compared with results from a second, similarexperiment over a larger distance including one urban and onerural site. Surprisingly, we could not detect a tendency whichwould indicate that sampling air at distance in the order of 1 kmwould be less affected by the heterogeneity than samplingdistanced in the order of 10 km apart. On the contrary, theresults suggest that mass-related properties at two sites in thesame city are not necessarily more similar than at an urban and arural site outside the city. These results stress the limitedhorizontal homogeneity of urban atmospheric aerosol. As aconclusion it is suggested that single-site measurements of mass-related aerosol properties should be considered to berepresentative for an area smaller than 1 km² on size.     

PM10浓度及微观特征季节分布分析--以乌鲁木齐天山区2004年为例

利用2004年乌鲁木齐城区(以天山区为例)PM10日平均浓度和气象要素观测资料,对不同季节PM10浓度变化特征、不同级别污染日数进行统计分析.同时,结合环境扫描电镜/X射线能谱(ESEM-EDX)对不同季节的颗粒物的形貌及来源进行了初步探讨。结果表明2004年PM10浓度变化为:冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;冬季出现4级以上污染日数最多,占39.5%;夏季最为洁净,好于2级的日数占到76.1%.PM10和气象因子的相关分析表明浓度与风速成正比,与降水成反比,与温度,相对湿度和逆温层厚度相关比较复杂,有时成正相关,有时呈负相关。颗粒物的形貌在不同季节特征明显,冬季颗粒物多呈圆球形,春季形貌不规则,夏季既有圆球形又有不规则形貌的颗粒,而秋季颗粒物多呈链状.     

Price controls and banking in emissions trading: An experimental evaluation

We present results from laboratory emissions markets designed to investigate the effects of price controls and permit banking on limiting permit price risk. While both instruments reduce between-period price volatility and within-period price dispersion, combining price controls and permit banking yields important benefits. Banking alone produces high permit prices in earlier periods that fall over time, but the combined policy produces lower initial prices and lower volatility. However, banking, price controls, and the combination all produce higher between-period emissions volatility. Hence, for emissions markets that seek to control flow pollutants with strictly convex damages, efforts to limit permit price risk can result in higher expected damage.     

Spatial aggregation and the value of natural capital

Location matters for the value of capital assets. The value of changes in natural capital wealth can depend on whether natural capital asset prices are measured locally and then aggregated or whether average values are applied over aggregate representative areas. Spatial heterogeneity of resource characteristics and institutions impact approximations of the intertemporal welfare function and accounting price function because when spatial aggregation precedes valuation it implies greater arbitrage opportunities leading to more inelastic shadow (accounting) price functions than when valuation is done locally and then aggregated. Aggregation of observed values across varying resource and institutional characteristics can lead to omitted variables bias. We illustrate these results in the context of groundwater in the Kansas High Plains Aquifer and demonstrate that the accounting price function is less elastic when the accounting price is measured locally. Failure to measure locally and then aggregate could lead to undervaluing scarce resources and overvaluing plentiful ones, which biases wealth accounts in favor of passing the non-declining wealth sustainability test.     

2004年几次台风暴雨Q矢量诊断的比较分析

利用非地转ω方程说明了Q矢量散度的物理意义,并通过计算2004年对浙江省造成重大影响的几个主要台风影响过程中的Q矢量散度场,分析比较了Q矢量散度场在不同等压面和垂直方向上的分布特点及其与台风、暴雨的关系,指出低层等压面上Q矢量散度场的演变对台风暴雨预报的作用.     

WATCH

Abstract

The characteristics of fine particulate pollution (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) were measured at urban and suburban sites in Jinan during the 2008–2009 heating and non-heating seasons. The results showed that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 pollution was quite serious, and PM mass concentration was higher during the heating season than the non-heating season. PM was the highest in the chemical factory and lowest in the development zone. The mass concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were linearly related, and the mass concentration ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ was up to 0.59 in urban areas. PM pollution in Jinan was related to local meteorological factors: PM_2.5 mass concentration and humidity were positively correlated, and PM_2.5 mass concentration was negatively correlated with both click on the temperature and wind speed, although wind speed varied more.     

北京地区一次重污染过程的大尺度天气型分析

对北京2000年11月的一次PM₁₀重污染过程进行分析,以期进行造成PM₁₀质量浓度增量的天气型诊断.结果表明:最不利于污染扩散的气象形势对应着PM₁₀质量浓度增量最大,而不一定是PM₁₀质量浓度达到最高的环境背景场;PM₁₀质量浓度的峰值是逐步累积而成的.提出定义PM₁₀质量浓度从谷值逐日累积到峰值而后重新下降到谷值的状态为一次环境污染过程.根据环境过程与天气型的诊断分析结果认为,PM₁₀质量浓度变化与天气形势演变有较好的对应关系.PM₁₀质量浓度在上升、达到峰值和下降阶段对应的天气形势分别为持续数日的大陆高压均压场、相继出现的低压均压区及锋后的高气压梯度场,其中持续存在的大陆高压均压场是造成重污染浓度累积的主要背景场.      

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法研究大气颗粒物中元素浓度

1　IntroductionAirborneparticulatematterisoneoftheimportantmarkersofairqualityandisanimportanthealthconcerninurbanareas,especiallywithrespecttoanumberofchronicrespiratorydiseases.Medicaldatasuggeststhatitisthisfractionofparticulatematterthatbecomesdeeplyi…     

渭河断陷盆地及邻区Q值分布与地震灾害关系的初步研究

本文研究了渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区介质品质因子的分布特征，探讨了其与该区域速度场、地质构造和地震灾害分布之间的关系。结果表明该区域介质品质因子分布与速度场之间存在着较好的对应关系，并与该区域的地震灾害分布密切相关。     

燃煤电厂锅炉烟气PM10排放控制技术与应用

介绍了目前中国燃煤电厂锅炉烟气微细粒子的污染状况,提出了对微细粒子排放采用袋式除尘的控制技术,并在河南焦作电厂220 MW机组上成功运行20000 h.实践表明,直通均流式脉冲袋式除尘器可以有效控制燃煤电厂锅炉烟气PM10、PM2.5的排放,满足环保新标准的要求.