可吸入颗粒上多环芳烃来源的识别和解析

根据化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对安阳市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃进行源解析。测定安阳市非采暖季和采暖季可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度,对其污染水平进行比较分析。根据污染源调查结果,确定市区多环芳烃的主要排放源类,并建立相应的源成分谱。应用CMB受体模型解析安阳市可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃主要来源的分担率。     

RELEVANT ASPECTS OF AIR QUALITY IN OPORTO (PORTUGAL): PM10 AND O3

The air quality Framework Directive (FWD) and the correspondent Daughter Directives defined the new strategy for air quality management in Europe. In general, the new standards are more restrictive than those established by the previous legislation. In Portugal, some difficulties can be previewed to achieve those new standards. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating the impact of application of the FWD to Oporto Metropolitan Area in what concerns to the most critical air pollutants in the area (PM₁₀ and O₃). The specific objectives were: i) to analyse the concentration exceedances between 1999 and 2001; ii) to identify the main emission sources; iii) to evaluate the possibility of a new redistribution of the existing monitoring sites; iv) to contribute to the definition of a new strategy for air quality management. The results showed that; i) the standard values for PM₁₀ and O₃ were largely surpassed, possibly concluding that the FWD application implies a strong impact on the air quality management strategies; ii) the main emission sources (road traffic and the neighbour stationary sources localised upwind) affect all the Metropolitan area through intra-region pollutant transport; iii) it is safer maintaining the site localisation to avoid previewing exceedances through mathematical correlations; iv) the reduction of PM₁₀ and of ozone precursors must be performed considering new technologies for cleaner production and gaseous depuration, a rigorous urban and territory planning, the creation of an efficient public transport network and the definition of strict measures for car maintenance.     

TEOM~ RP1400a(PM_(10))测尘仪日常维护和常见故障处理

介绍TEOMR○RP1400a(PM10)测尘仪原理、工作过程以及日常维护、质量控制和常见故障的排除方法。     

天津郊区土壤风蚀源PM10排放清单不确定性分析

运用课题组自主开发的空气颗粒物风蚀源排放清单构建模型软件（PMEI-WES）,估算2016年天津市郊区土壤风蚀源颗粒物排放清单.采用蒙特卡罗模拟,分析了主要气象参数和土壤参数输入不确定性对排放量的影响,量化排放清单的不确定性.结果表明：2016年天津市郊区土壤风蚀源PM₁₀排放总量为22025.1731t.风速是影响排放量的最主要参数,排放量随风速增加呈指数增长,土壤碳酸钙与排放量呈正相关关系,土壤有机质与排放量呈负相关关系.排放总量95%概率范围为（15237.7581t,37434.8873t）,不确定度为（-37.48%,53.60%）;90%概率范围排放量为（16111.8606t,36104.7554t）,不确定度为（-33.89%,48.14%）.各区排放量不确定度大小与风速误差大小最显著.土壤参数对不确定度极值的影响较大.     

乌鲁木齐市PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)中碳组分季节性变化特征

2011年1月至12月在乌鲁木齐市区用膜采样法采集了大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)样品,并利用热光/碳分析仪测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度.通过OC与EC的粒径分布特征、比值和相关性的分析,初步分析了乌鲁木齐市大气可吸入颗粒物中碳质气溶胶污染特征,并用OC/EC比值法估算了二次有机碳(SOC)的浓度.结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)的年平均质量浓度分别为92.8μg/m~3和64.7μg/m~3.PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的年平均浓度分别为13.85μg/m~3和2.38μg/m~3,PM_(2.5~10)中OC和EC的年平均浓度分别为2.63μg/m~3和0.57μg/m~3.OC和EC四季变化趋势基本一致,季浓度最高.碳组分主要集中于PM_(2.5)中,OC/EC比值范围为3.62~11.21.夏季和秋季的PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)中OC和EC的相关性较好(R20.65).估算得出的PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)中SOC的估算浓度为2.31~11.98μg/m~3和0.38~1.49μg/m~3.     

城市轨道交通环控系统颗粒物浓度相关性分析

城市轨道交通系统在为人们提供了许多便利的同时出现了很多颗粒物方面的问题。对上海市、南京市轨道交通不同系统颗粒物质量浓度进行了实测分析,结果表明:不同系统站台和车厢PM_(10)(PM_(2.5))之间有很大的相关性(相关系数|r|=0.909~0.993);同一时段地铁系统站台(|r|=0.871~0.894)和轻轨系统站台(|r|=0.829)的PM_(2.5)与PM_(2.5-10)之间分别有很大的相关性,两种颗粒物有同一来源;不同系统车厢内PM_(2.5)与PM_(2.5-10)的相关性均较好(|r|=0.932~0.992),粗细颗粒物有共同的来源。     

基于GIS和BP神经网络模型的PM10浓度预测与空间分布研究

耦合GIS和BP神经网络模型,探讨不同算法和隐藏神经元数对PM10浓度预测和空间分布的影响,结果显示:不同算法的PM10浓度预测值与监测值的平均相关系数和平均相对误差分别为0.85和17.58％,Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法在隐藏神经元数为20时预测精度最高.相同算法,不同隐藏层神经元数对PM10浓度的预测结果影响较大,不同算法,相同神经元数对PM10浓度的预测结果影响较小.不同算法的PM10浓度空间分布模拟在中北部的高风险区和东南部的低风险区与监测数据结果基本一致.     

The behaviour of suppliers and consumers in mandated markets: the introduction of the ethanol–petrol blend E10 in Germany

In December 2010, the German government increased the maximum ethanol content that can be blended with petrol from 5% to 10%, which facilitated the introduction of the ethanol–petrol blend E10. The revised ethanol–petrol blend was introduced with ambitions towards decarbonizing the transport sector as well as to support energy security and rural development. While usually supportive of actions aimed to combat climate change, the great majority of German motorists have refused to buy E10. The lacking demand for E10 is the empirical phenomenon addressed by this study. How did the fuel suppliers comply with the policy provisions? Which actors made attempts to influence the motorists’ demand for the new ethanol–petrol blend? Which actor was assigned the responsibility for the problems that occurred upon the rollout of the new fuel type? These research questions guide this study, which concentrates on the behaviour of transport fuel suppliers and consumers in mandated markets, that is, markets created by policy provisions.     

Valuation of human health: An integrated model of willingness to pay for mortality and morbidity risk reductions

This paper develops and applies an integrated model of mortality and morbidity valuation that is consistent with the principles of welfare economics. To obtain the integrated model, the standard one-period expected utility model of one person facing the prospect of either being alive or dead is extended to incorporate (1) a third health state (sick) with a utility level that is intermediate to utility if healthy and utility if dead, (2) a family perspective in which a parent makes choices about risk exposure both for herself and for a child, and (3) a multi-period framework that allows for possible parent/child differences in illness latency. Monetary benefits of health risk reduction obtained from the integrated model are compared with those that would be computed using the standard model. The integrated model then is applied using data obtained from two field studies of skin cancer and leukemia to demonstrate how it can be used to estimate health benefits of reduced illness and death risks.     

Reforming small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa: Political and ideological challenges to a Fair Trade gold initiative

In sub-Saharan Africa, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has caused a range of environmental, social and economic problems. Most of the donor support pledged to improve conditions in the sector to date, however, has failed to facilitate marked improvements, in large part because emphasis has been placed on technical interventions; at the same time, impoverished miners’ needs and concerns have been seriously overlooked. It is against this background that this paper critically examines the underpinnings and potential of “Fair Trade gold” as a solution to many of the problems plaguing the ASM sector and a mechanism for alleviating the hardships of its operators. Unlike the majority of ASM-support support measures implemented in the past, “Fair Trade gold” is entrenched in the discourse of “partnership” and “participation”. To ensure its effectiveness initiatives must be adapted according to the specificities of ASM.