碟形封头对薄壁内压短圆筒爆破压力的影响

试验研究表明,有足够强度和刚度的碟形封头可提高钢制薄壁内压短圆筒的爆破压力;得到确定Q235-A低碳钢和OCr18Ni9不锈钢制薄壁内压短圆筒爆破压力的经验公式,以及区分内压长、短圆筒的临界长度计算公式.     

春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对南宁市环境空气的影响分析

根据2011年春节期间南宁市主要污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2）浓度,分析了燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气的影响。结果表明：除夕和元宵节大量燃放烟花爆竹能导致PM10在短时间内快速上升,但对SO2和NO2浓度的影响不明显。除夕期间23：00-2：00是PM10受燃放烟花爆竹影响最大时段,城市居民居住集中区PM10浓度远高于其他区域。     

Pork knocking in the land of many waters: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Guyana

The growth of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Guyana has received little attention in the literature, despite its rapid growth and now central importance in this small country's socioeconomic fortunes. Although the activity in Guyana shares commonalities with ASM activity elsewhere in the world, it also displays some unique characteristics. This article builds upon existing debates and current issues surrounding Guyanese ASM. A lack of baseline data and research on the dynamics, underlying forces and various outcomes of the ASM sector has acted as a significant constraint on the regulation and development of the sector in a completely desirable fashion. This has been the result of, but has also been exacerbated by, the ineffective nature of intervention, enforcement and assistance. This paper aims to demonstrate and argue for the need for developing much clearer understandings of and effective interactions with the ASM sector in Guyana. Such all developments are the more pressing given future policies, which may represent potentially sizeable challenges for the continued vibrancy of ASM operations.     

Natural resources and development: The gold sector in Mali

Resource-rich countries do not necessarily perform well, especially developing countries. A debate has developed since the 1990s about a “resource curse” hypothesis, which threaten to impede the resource-rich countries in taking advantage of their natural endowments. In Mali, a less-developed country, gold export has substantially increased since the 1990s. In this paper we show that widespread analyses, such as those of the Dutch disease and the quality of institutions, are not sufficient to understand what is at stake in Mali, and that the mining sector has proved to be neither a blessing nor a curse, at least until the present. Gold mining has brought budget revenues but induced few spillovers. As gold mining has now come to maturity, the die is probably cast.     

Investor demand and spot commodity prices

The on-going debate over the influence of investor demand on spot commodity prices largely attempts to assess this influence by measuring the growth in investor demand in recent years. Given the serious data problems that plague such analyses, this article pursues another approach in the hope of providing useful insights into the impact of investor demand on spot commodity prices. It focuses on the mechanisms by which investor demand affects spot prices, and in particular on two questions. First, how does an increase in investor demand on the futures markets affect the spot market and spot price? Second, when investor demand is increasing and pushing a commodity's price up, do physical stocks of the commodity also have to be rising, as economists and others widely assume?On the first question, the article concludes that a surge in investor demand raising prices on the futures markets will have a direct and comparable effect on the spot market prices when these markets are in strong contango. However, when markets are in weak contango or backwardation, price movements in the futures markets have a much looser effect on spot prices. As a result, changes in investor demand on the futures markets may have little or no influence on spot prices in the absence of a strong contango. Instead, changes in fundamentals (that is, producer supply and consumer demand) and possibly changes in investor demand taking place directly on the spot market largely determine the spot price at such times.On the second question, the article shows that investor demand can be pushing up a commodity's price even when investor stocks are falling, despite the widespread presumption to the contrary.     

珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO_2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100＆Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明：4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林（3.35μmol.m-2.s-1）〉针阔叶混交林（2.66μmol.m-2.s-1）〉乡土树种恢复林（2.09μmol.m-2.s-1）〉常绿阔叶林（1.86μmol.m-2.s-1）;旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大（3.49）,尾叶桉人工林Q10最小（1.95）。     

北京灰霾天气PM10中微量元素的分布特征

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对北京市2008年4月和5月不同采样点采集的灰霾天PM₁₀样品中的15种微量元素进行了分析,得出了Ti、Fe、Zn、Sn、Pb为全样样品中相对含量较高元素;Ti、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb是水溶样样品中相对含量较高元素。与晴天相比,灰霾天样品中微量元素可溶性增强,对人体危害更严重。与2002年分析数据进行对比,因2002年缺少Cr、Cd元素的测试值,全样样品中除了Co、Ni、Cu、Mo元素外,其余测试元素的浓度均有不同程度的升高,Fe和Sn元素的增幅最大。水溶样品中,参与对比元素的含量均下降。文中对含量相对较高的Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn和Pb元素进行了源解析,分析得出采样点附近的交通源及地面扬尘是这些元素的主要来源。     

北京市道路扬尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

以北京市代表性道路扬尘2004年的PM_(10)与PM_(2. 5)和2013年的PM_(2. 5)中21种无机元素含量为基础,分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘中6种主要元素为Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Mg和K,其含量之和占所有被测元素含量的比例分别为:2004年PM_(10)为96. 51%、2004年PM_(2. 5)为96. 42%和2013年PM_(2. 5)为96. 53%.2004年北京市道路扬尘中元素富集水平、重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险总体表现为:PM_(2. 5) PM_(10);燃煤烟尘特征元素Se在2004年的PM_(2. 5)中、Cd在2004年的PM_(10)与PM_(2. 5)中均为极强富集,富集因子分别为1024. 03、68. 15和871. 55; Co、Zn、Ca和Cu属显著富集,其富集因子在2004年PM_(10)中分别为12. 93、12. 33、8. 30和8. 07,在PM_(2. 5)中分别为17. 41、21. 80、12. 83和19. 73;但Na和Si在道路扬尘中均无富集.重金属的污染载荷指数(PLI)在2004年PM_(10)中为3. 95,PM_(2. 5)为7. 71. 2013年北京市道路扬尘PM_(2. 5)中重金属污染水平和潜在生态风险较2004年均显著降低,在2013年PM_(2. 5)中,Cd和Se的富集因子分别下降为98. 47和0. 95; Cu、Ca和Zn富集因子分别下降为11. 90、8. 84和8. 20; PLI下降为2. 56.研究表明,北京市道路扬尘多种重金属总的潜在生态风险极强,重金属Cd为极显著污染因子和主要的潜在生态风险来源,其潜在生态风险指数(RI)对重金属总的RI贡献超过85%. 2004年北京市道路扬尘主干道重金属污染程度明显高于其它道路类型,PM_(10)表现为:主干道高速进京口次干道环路,PM_(2. 5)表现为:主干道环路高速进京口次干道;而2013年PM_(2. 5)表现为:高速进京口主干道环路次干道,且次干道重金属污染水平显著低于其它道路类型. 2013年北京市道路扬尘PM_(2. 5)中,重金属Ti、Zn、V、Cr、Cu、Pb和Ni相关性显著,主要来源于与交通有关的排放.     

Q345钢在不同pH值人工海水中的电偶腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究不同pH值的人工海水环境中电偶腐蚀对金属的影响。方法 利用自行设计的可拆卸电极,采用浸泡法和电化学方法,结合宏观和微观腐蚀形貌,对Q345钢在不同pH人工海水中的电偶腐蚀行为进行分析。结果 在浸泡初期,不同pH值海水环境中电连接电极间的电位差相差较小,不易发生电偶腐蚀;浸泡至14 d,电极间的电位差相差较大,这表明不同电连接电极之间发生明显的电偶腐蚀。与自腐蚀相比,pH为7.50和8.40的电偶腐蚀的腐蚀电位较大,腐蚀电流密度较小,腐蚀产物膜电阻Rp较大,说明在pH值为7.50和8.40时,电连接电极间的腐蚀以自腐蚀为主。在pH值为7.80和8.70时,电连接电极间发生明显的电偶腐蚀。自腐蚀电极表面的腐蚀产物较少,锈层结构疏松。电偶腐蚀中,在pH为7.50和8.40的电极表面的腐蚀产物较少,锈层结构致密;pH为7.80和8.70的电极表面的腐蚀产物较多,锈层结构比较疏松。结论 通过研究2种腐蚀行为的差异,分析pH值的不同对电偶腐蚀的影响,为海洋环境金属材料的腐蚀防护提供数据支持。     

燃气轮机用YS10-021聚酰亚胺三防试验验证分析

目的 研究湿热、盐雾、霉菌环境对YS10-021聚酰亚胺材料性能的影响,为燃气轮机选材设计和定寿、延寿提供数据支撑。方法 设计开展YS10-021聚酰亚胺三防试验,定期测试试样老化后的物理性能,并对试验数据进行统计分析。结果 经3552h湿热试验后,高温拉伸强度和高温弯曲强度下降24%,仍然符合出厂指标要求;常温弯曲强度下降34%,简支梁冲击强度下降62%,超出指标要求;其他各项性能未见明显老化。经3 552 h盐雾试验后,弯曲强度下降30%,其余性能均在出厂指标要求范围以内。经84 d霉菌试验后,YS10-021聚酰亚胺各项性能均有轻微下降趋势,但老化不明显。结论 YS10-021聚酰亚胺在湿热、盐雾、霉菌环境中的耐受性良好。总体来看,湿热和盐雾环境对YS10-021聚酰亚胺力学性能的影响更大。