1998年临猗5.0级地震前Q值的前兆异常

利用西安数字地震遥测台网记录的数字地震资料,采用P波初动半周期残差法求得了1998年7月临猗5.0级地震前后不同路径的Q值变化.发现在地震发生前Q在87(203之间,震后Q在67～164之间,震前震中区附近出现了明显的高Q值异常,表明地震前的高Q值异常可以作为地震预测的一种手段.     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

行为安全视角下的氨泄漏事故分析

为了提高涉氨制冷企业的安全业绩,基于事故致因"2-4"模型分析典型氨泄漏事故的直接、间接、根本和根源原因。结果表明:氨泄漏事故的直接原因是操作人员在涉及氨制冷管道、有毒有害环境及带电作业中的违章操作和氨设备设施的不安全物态;间接原因是员工对于氨危险性认识的不足、较差的安全习惯以及安全意识不高;根本原因是组织缺失特定的安全管理组织程序,制度执行不力;根源原因可追溯到员工对安全的重要度、安全制度执行方式等安全文化元素理解不到位。进而提出实用性对策措施,为提高涉氨制冷企业安全管理水平提供理论依据与技术参考。     

Coltan from Central Africa,international trade and implications for any certification

The exploitation of coltan in Central Africa can be considered a case of conflict minerals due to its nature. Many international organizations and bodies, national governments and private sector organizations seek to address this conflict, in particular via transparency, certification and accountability along the material supply chain. This paper analyses the international trade dimension of coltan and gives evidence on the dimension of illicit trade of coltan. The authors start from the hypothesis that illicit trade of coltan sooner or later will enter the market and will be reflected in the statistics. The paper is structured in the following manner: first, a short section gives a profile of coltan production and markets; second, an overview of the mining situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and related actors. The third section addresses mechanisms, actors and measurement issues involved in the international trade of coltan. The final part draws lessons for certification and conflict analysis and offers some guidance for future research.     

Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three-Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest, which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20-40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 8.78, 72.5 and 11.7 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 33.92, 10.26 and 15.88 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 14.31, 1.32 and 10.48 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 5.49%, 1.30%, and 8.34% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 4.99%, 1.99% and 7.30% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year,respectively.     

我国南方一些土壤的钾素Q/I特性

钾素Q/I特性是表征土壤钾素状况的一个重要指标,它能同时度量土壤钾素的强度和容量。本文研究了我国南方一些土壤的钾素Q/I特性、结果表明:(1)不同土壤具有不同的Q/I曲线,它们表征不同的土壤钾素有效性和钾素状况;(2)土壤钾位缓冲容量(PBC~K)与阳离子交换量呈极显著正相关(r=0.9288),石灰土和紫色土的PBC~K值高于砖红壤、赤红壤和红壤,而ARe~K值则相反;(3)—△K°与土壤交换性钾呈极显著正相关(r=0.7870),但是具有一定含量的2:1型粘粒矿物的石灰土和紫色土,其—△K°明显低于交换性钾量,因此,lmol L~(-1)中性NH_4OAc可能会过高地估计土壤的交换性钾。     

Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massonianamixed forest which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20—40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 8.78, 72.5 and 11.7 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 33.92, 10.26 and 15.88 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 14.31, 1.32 and 10.48 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 5.49%, 1.30%, and 8.34% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 4.99%, 1.99% and 7.30% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year, respectively.     

取代苯胺和苯酚类化合物对大型蚤的毒性及PH值对其毒性的影响

测定了２４个取代苯胺和苯酚类化合物在不同ＰＨ下对大型蚤的２４ｈ半数抑制浓度２４ｈ－ＩＣ５０。结果表明,苯胺类的毒性随ＰＨ的升高而增大,酚类的毒性随ＰＨ的升高而减小。     

环境胁迫和乙烯对番茄PR-NP24基因表达的影响

根据已报道的番茄PR-NP24基因序列设计引物,经PCR克隆出长为477bp的番茄PR-NP24基因片段,以该片段制备探针,采用Northern杂交技术对该基因在番茄(WT)和乙烯反应突变体番茄(Nr,rin,T4B-11)中的表达进行了研究.杂交结果表明,该基因主要在果实和根部表达,伤害抑制WT、Nr番茄叶片中该基因的表达,而对rin番茄叶片无明显影响;干旱、淹水等环境胁迫和乙烯均能不同程度地诱导其表达,而在不同温度下,PR-NP24基因表达变化不大.图7参13     

抗生素废水对Q67的急性毒性和对AHH的诱导

利用Q67发光菌 (Vibrio qinghaiensissp .Nov . Q67)和鲤鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶 (AHH)体外诱导实验评估某酸化处理工艺对抗生素废水的处理效果 ,探讨除利用常规的理化指标监测水质外 ,生物监测的必要性。