西藏高原草原化小嵩草草甸生长季土壤微生物呼吸测定

以西藏当雄县草原化小嵩草草甸生态系统为研究为对象,利用Li6400-09对生长季土壤微生物异养呼吸进行了测定。土壤异养呼吸R(h)动态与土壤温度T()变化趋势一致,尤其与5cm地温相关性最强,说明5cm地温是土壤微生物异养呼吸的主要限制因子。在生长季中土壤异养呼吸与5cm土壤温度呈现不同的函数关系:在降水比较集中的雨季(6～8月),函数关系是Rh=0.106exp0.133T;在降水相对较少的旱季(5月,9～10月),函数关系是Rh=0.18exp0.0833T。在生长季中,雨季土壤日异养呼吸量为2.4g CO₂.m-2,雨季异养呼吸总量为219.6g CO₂.m-2,Q 10为3.8;旱季日异养呼吸量为1.8g CO₂.m-2,呼吸总量为160.2gCO 2.m-2,Q 10值为2.3。结果表明,土壤异养呼吸在降水集中的雨季对土壤温度反应更敏感,在生长季不同时期由于降水格局的影响,土壤水分对土壤微生物异养呼吸对温度的响应有调节作用。2004年生长季(5～10月)土壤异养呼吸总量达379.8gCO₂.m-2。     

华西雨屏区不同密度巨桉人工林土壤呼吸特征

从2008-03至2009-02,采用闭合动态法(LI-6400-09)对华西雨屏区不同密度中龄巨桉人工林土壤呼吸进行了研究。结果表明:①该林分土壤呼吸具有明显的季节动态,各密度林分土壤呼吸速率最高值均出现在7月份,最低出现在1月,且密度为883株·hm^-2(1.5 m×8 m)的巨桉林土壤呼吸速率最大,2 222株·hm^-2(1.5 m×3 m)的最小;②2008年4、7、10月土壤呼吸速率24 h平均值均表现为883株·hm^-2> 1 333株·hm^-2> 2 222株·hm^-2,且7月>4月>10月;③土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤有机质含量和10 cm根系生物量都表现出相同的趋势,即林分密度越小,土壤微生物生物量碳氮越高,草本植物越多,根系生物量越大,有机质含量越多;④温度是巨桉林土壤呼吸变异的主导因子,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和湿度的双因素模型优于单因素模型,两者共同解释了土壤呼吸速率月动态的78.3%~91.5%;⑤各密度林分土壤呼吸Q₁₀值随巨桉林分密度增大而降低,大小顺序为3.65(883株·hm^-2)>2.60(1 333株·hm^-2)>2.55(2 222株·hm^-2)。     

太湖叶绿素a浓度分布的时空特征及其影响因素

基于2005—2009年20次太湖采样期间的水质监测数据,研究了太湖叶绿素a浓度的主要分布特征,分析了水环境因子对叶绿素a浓度分布的季节性和空间性影响.结果表明,太湖叶绿素a浓度分布的空间差异较大,主要表现为梅梁湾、竺山湾、太湖西部和西南部湖区为叶绿素a浓度距平经验正交分解(EOF)第一模态空间分布的显著正值区,太湖湖心和东南湖区则为负值区;影响叶绿素a浓度的因子有水温、溶解氧、总氮、磷酸根和总磷,但总磷和水温的影响相对更为显著,而各季节叶绿素a浓度的影响因子则略有差异;影响藻类生长的因子存在较大的空间分布差异,但总磷、水温和溶解氧是其主要限制性因子,氮类营养盐的影响则处于次要地位.     

Linking permit markets multilaterally

We formally study the determinants, magnitude and distribution of efficiency gains generated in multilateral linkages between permit markets. We provide two novel decomposition results for these gains, characterize individual preferences over linking groups and show that our results are largely unaltered with strategic domestic emissions cap selection or when banking and borrowing are allowed. Using the Paris Agreement pledges and power sector emissions data of five countries which all use or considered using both emissions trading and linking, we quantify the efficiency gains. We find that the computed gains can be sizable and are split roughly equally between effort and risk sharing.     

广东不同质地水稻土Q／I特性与钾肥施用技术的关系的研究

钾素Ｑ／Ｉ特性是表征土壤钾素状况的一个重要指标，它能同时度量土壤钾素的强度和容量．本文研究了广东不同质地水稻土Ｑ／Ｉ特性与大田钾肥施用技术的关系．结果表明：（１）不同质地土壤的Ｑ／１曲线差异明显，砂土类曲线较平缓．粘土类曲线较陡。（２）ＰＢＣｋ与土壤粘粒含量呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．６５３）．（３）－△Ｋ０与作物相对百分产量呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８７３），可作为预测当季作物需钾量的参数．（４）ＡＲ＿ｅ￣ｋ与土壤粘粒含量呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．５２０），ＡＲ＿ｅ￣ｋ的大小可作为钾肥合理分配的依据．     

不安全动作与不安全物态的判定方法探讨

根据事故致因"2-4"模型,人的不安全动作与物的不安全状态是事故发生的直接原因,但国内外学者关于二者的判定方法并未形成共识。为了寻找不安全动作与不安全物态科学的判定方法,首先,通过文献研究,综述了国内外学者对不安全动作、不安全物态的分类及定义;其次,从理论层面论述了不安全动作、不安全物态的判定方法;最后,以一起重大瓦斯爆炸事故为例对不安全动作及不安全物态的判定方法进行实证分析。结果表明,基于事故致因"2-4"模型的不安全动作和不安全物态判定方法有效。     

北京地区不同时段平均PM2.5浓度与MODIS气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析

利用2014年北京市12个空气质量监测站的逐小时PM_(2.5)地面观测资料,以及Terra和Aqua卫星的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品,在时间和空间数据匹配的基础上,研究了PM_(2.5)的5 h(10:00—14:00)和24 h(0:00—23:00)两种时段平均浓度及两颗卫星平均AOD的时空分布特征,并建立了AOD与不同时段平均PM_(2.5)浓度之间的回归模型.结果表明:PM_(2.5)的5 h平均浓度和24 h平均浓度值均在城区高、郊区低,最低值位于定陵站;匹配后逐时PM_(2.5)浓度的日变化呈"双峰型",最低值出现在下午,但北京西北部郊区的定陵和昌平镇站因局地山谷风环流和外部排放源的影响,其"双峰型"波动趋势较城区站偏弱,最低值出现在上午;AOD的空间分布特征与PM_(2.5)浓度分布一致,但在郊区由于污染水平分布不均,卫星采集的样本可能来自于周围的清洁大气,导致AOD的最小值在郊区站点明显低于城区站点;两颗卫星平均的AOD与5h PM_(2.5)平均浓度的决定系数高于AOD与24 h PM_(2.5)平均浓度的决定系数;AOD与PM_(2.5)的相关系数在城区高于郊区,郊区排放源分布不均和强的局地系统性环流是造成其相关系数低的重要原因.     

Strategic pollution control and capital tax competition

In an analytical model of symmetric countries with mobile capital and local or transboundary pollution we investigate whether competition in emissions taxes (or emissions caps) and capital taxes leads to efficient outcomes when governments act strategically. When they have capital taxes and emissions caps at their disposal, they refrain from taxing capital and set their caps inefficiently lax [efficient] for transboundary [local] pollution. When they have the option to tax capital and emissions, capital is subsidized [untaxed] and emissions taxes are inefficiently low [efficient] for transboundary [local] pollution. In case of transboundary pollution emissions caps are Pareto-superior to emissions taxes. That holds regardless of whether the environmental policy is applied as stand-alone policy or combined with capital tax competition.     

Identifying important species that amplify or mitigate the interactive effects of human impacts on marine food webs

Some species may have a larger role than others in the transfer of complex effects of multiple human stressors, such as changes in biomass, through marine food webs. We devised a novel approach to identify such species. We constructed annual interaction-effect networks (IENs) of the simulated changes in biomass between species of the southeastern Australian marine system. Each annual IEN was composed of the species linked by either an additive (sum of the individual stressor response), synergistic (lower biomass compared with additive effects), or antagonistic (greater biomass compared with additive effects) response to the interaction effect of ocean warming, ocean acidification, and fisheries. Structurally, over the simulation period, the number of species and links in the synergistic IENs increased and the network structure became more stable. The stability of the antagonistic IENs decreased and became more vulnerable to the loss of species. In contrast, there was no change in the structural attributes of species linked by an additive response. Using indices common in food-web and network theory, we identified the species in each IEN for which a change in biomass from stressor effects would disproportionately affect the biomass of other species via direct and indirect local, intermediate, and global predator–prey feeding interactions. Knowing the species that transfer the most synergistic or antagonistic responses in a food-web may inform conservation under increasing multiple-stressor impacts.     

Fracking and indoor radon: Spurious correlation or cause for concern?

Unconventional gas development (fracking) is controversial in large part because of environmental and health concerns. We consider the concern that fracking leads to more carcinogenic radon gas in nearby buildings. Our empirical approach estimates treatment effects where treatment is continuous (number of wells) and varies in intensity (distance to the wells) and in duration of exposure (the time since wells were drilled). The approach allows any potential effect of fracking to vary non-linearly with the distance between the well and test site and, holding distance constant, the time between drilling and testing. Our main model gives a precisely estimated zero effect of wells on radon concentrations in nearby buildings. It also reveals that energy firms drilled wells in places with higher pre-existing radon levels, which, if ignored, makes it appear that wells within 2 km increase indoor radon but wells 3 km away do not. This explains the finding of a prior study showing a link between drilling and indoor radon.