The “second dividend” and the demographic structure

The demographic structure of a country influences economic activity. The “second dividend” modifies growth. Accordingly, in general equilibrium, the second dividend and the demographic structure are interrelated. This paper aims at assessing empirically the “second dividend” in a dynamic, empirical and intertemporal setting that allows for measuring its impact on growth, its intergenerational redistributive effects, and its interaction with the demographic structure. The paper uses a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, an energy module and a public finance module that distinguishes between non-ageing-related public spending and a pension regime. Policy scenarios compare the consequences of different scenarios of recycling a carbon tax through lower proportional income taxes rather than higher public lump-sum expenditures. They are computed for two countries with different demographics (France and Germany). Results suggest that the magnitude of the “second dividend” is significantly related with the demographic structure. The more concentrated the demographic structure on cohorts with higher income and saving rate, the stronger the effect on capital supply of the second dividend. The second dividend weighs on the welfare of relatively aged working cohorts. It fosters the wellbeing of young working cohorts and of future generations. The more concentrated the demographic structure on aged working cohorts, the higher the intergenerational redistributive effects of the second dividend.     

臭氧浓度升高对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定CO2排放通量,研究臭氧(O3)浓度升高对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放的影响.结果表明,O3浓度升高对CO2排放的季节变化模式无明显影响.在返青期和拔节孕穗期,O3浓度升高显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的CO2排放通量;在抽穗成熟期,O3浓度100 nL·L-1处理对CO2排放通量没有...     

Economic and social effects analysis of mineral development in China and policy implications

Mineral development has contributed greatly to China's economic and social development. Many challenges remain, however, including environmental pollution and resource waste in practice, as well as a dearth of systematic theoretical research. The goal of this study is to analyze the economic and social effects of various mineral developments in China from diversified perspectives, so as to provide the basis for the formulation of China's mineral development policy. The input–output effects, industrial linkage effects and income distribution effects of different mining industries are quantitatively analyzed by adopting basic hypotheses of input–output economics, industrial linkage model and income distribution antitheses based on the latest available official data from China Statistical Yearbook from 2004 to 2010 and the 2007 Input–Output Table of China. The empirical results obtained in this study indicate that all mineral development industries, especially coal mining and washing, and petroleum and natural gas extraction industries, have given a strong impetus to the increase of China's fixed asset investment and GDP. Moreover, they have provided a large number of jobs, thereby alleviating ongoing employment pressure, and they have also played a positive role in promoting China's technology investment. The analysis of industrial linkages demonstrates that mining industries are basic to the national economy and produce a significant impetus to its downstream industries, but create weak pull effects in terms of national economic development. From the perspective of income distribution, mining industries play an important role in increasing China's fiscal revenue and per capital income. Hence, China's mineral development policy should (1) encourage additional investment in technology for exploration and development to insure sufficient supply and expand the input effects; (2) attract additional talent to work in remote regions; (3) optimize the industrial structure and promote the industrial transformation in resource regions; (4) adjust the interest distribution between the central and local governments to enable the local regions to become more self-sufficient; and (5) enhance the legal environment so that companies can more readily undertake their social responsibilities voluntarily.     

20种水溶性有机溶剂对发光菌的毒性效应

以新型淡水发光菌——青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.Q67)为检测生物,应用VeritasTM微孔板光度计测定了甲醇等20种常见水溶性有机溶剂对Q67的毒性效应.结果表明,乙腈、甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙醚、四氢呋喃和异丙醇7种有机溶剂具有非单调J型剂量-效应关系,其他13种为典型S型剂量-效应关系.分别采用Biphasic、Logit和Weibull等非线性函数进行曲线模拟,利用模拟函数可有效估算有机溶剂的各个效应浓度Ecx值.不同组成和结构的有机溶剂对淡水发光菌的毒性效应不同,官能团相同的直链溶剂含碳数越多毒性越大.     

介孔分子筛MCM-41对污水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附动力学研究

以介孔分子筛MCM-41为吸附剂,研究了水中Cr6+分别在不同pH,温度以及吸附时间的吸附行为。实验结果表明,pH为0,温度为35℃,吸附时间为3h,此时的吸附效果较好。吸附动力学分别拟合了Lagergren一级,二级反应模型,该吸附较符合Lagergren二级反应模型,相关系数高达0.9996。计算出饱和吸附量qe为995.76mg/g,二级反应速率常数k2为21.7689g/(mg·h)。该吸附反应是化学吸附且有多个吸附过程共同作用的结果。     

淡水发光菌对工业废水的生物毒性研究

发光菌作为指示生物用于污染源水体的生物毒性测定具有快速、灵敏、低廉等优点,现已广泛用于环境毒物综合急性毒性测定、筛查、监测及特异毒物监测中.文章利用淡水发光菌Q67对东北地区各行业典型企业的出水口进行急性毒性试验,同时结合化学指标进行了综合评估,试验结果表明:急性毒性试验和化学指标并非在任何水体都相关,但急性毒性试验是化学试验的必要补充.     

Pd/MCM-41对乙醇汽油车尾气排放乙醛的吸附和催化氧化性能

以正硅酸乙酯 (TEOS)为硅源,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)为模板剂,采用水热合成法制备了MCM-41分子筛,以其为载体采用等体积浸渍法制得Pd/MCM-41催化剂,并用于乙醇汽油车冷启动排放乙醛的净化。采用氮气吸附脱附法(BET)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Pd/MCM-41理化性能进行表征,并用原位傅里叶变换红外技术研究了Pd/MCM-41在空气氛围下对乙醛的净化机理。结果表明：Pd/MCM-41具有规整的六方孔道、孔径分布均匀、比表面积大的特点;常温下,Pd/MCM-41催化剂可快速吸附乙醛,吸附容量可达105 mg·g-1,而吸附在Pd/MCM-41上的乙醛在180~220 ℃之间即可发生氧化而生成CO2和乙酸。     

负载型TiO2/MCM-41催化剂在光催化-膜分离耦合工艺中的性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了以介孔MCM-41分子筛为载体的TiO2/MCM-41催化剂,并通过光催化降解酸性红B废水对其在光催化-膜分离耦合工艺中的光催化降解性能和膜污染影响进行了研究。结果表明：TiO2/MCM-41催化剂的废水降解率随TiO2负载量增加、MCM-41分子筛粒径减小和TiO2/MCM-41催化剂粒径减小而呈现出先增大后降低的趋势,而膜通量衰减率在TiO2负载量为80%时最低、同时呈现出随MCM-41分子筛粒径减小而先降低后增大以及随TiO2/MCM-41催化剂粒径减小而不断增大的变化规律,适宜的MCM-41分子筛粒径、TiO2/MCM-41催化剂的TiO2负载量和TiO2/MCM-41催化剂粒径分别为0.61 μm、30%和11.26 μm;TiO2/MCM-41催化剂的光催化降解性能优于商业TiO2的,而膜污染则低于商业TiO2的。     

海洋大气环境下Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量分布规律研究

目的 研究海洋大气环境下氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积分布规律。方法 使用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪测试Q235钢在海南岛不同地点大气环境暴露后的表面氯离子沉积，然后采用插值算法绘制氯离子在Q235钢表面沉积分布图和海南岛不同地点氯离子在Q235钢表面平均沉积量分布图，并根据氯离子沉积分布图分析氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量分布规律。结果 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀分布特征。在环境暴露试验前6个月，Q235钢表面氯离子含量逐渐增加；暴露6~12个月，Q235钢表面的氯离子含量总体变化不大。从整个海南岛看，内陆地区氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量低，而在沿海环岛区域的沉积量高。在海南岛沿海地区，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量随季风风向的变化而变化。结论 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀沉积分布，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量在海南岛不同地点呈“中间低、两边高”的沉积分布规律，内陆地区沉积量低，而沿海环岛区域沉积量高，并且沿海地区的氯离子沉积易受季风风向的影响。     

海南湿热海洋大气环境Q235钢腐蚀行为研究及严酷度评估

目的 探究我国典型湿热海洋大气环境特征，以Q235钢为标杆材料，评估并可视化展示海南湿热海洋大气环境严酷度。方法 以海南岛为典型湿热海洋地区，基于分布全岛全域的13个站点开展自然大气环境试验，采集各站点大气环境数据与Q235钢材料性能数据。通过分析表观形貌、腐蚀质量损失等性能，探究Q235钢在海南大气环境的腐蚀行为规律及其在全岛不同区域的腐蚀程度差异。基于大气环境因素与Q235钢腐蚀行为间相关性研究，筛选腐蚀敏感环境因素，构建“腐蚀质量损失-敏感环境因素”映射模型。基于Q235钢海南各地区腐蚀质量损失数据，通过Griddata插值，计算绘制腐蚀质量损失分布地图。结果 掌握了Q235钢在海南各地区腐蚀行为差异，可视化展示了海南大气腐蚀严酷度。结论 影响Q235钢海南地区腐蚀的敏感环境因素为离海距离及湿度大于80%的时间。海南地区沿海岸及东部地区大气环境腐蚀严酷度高，中部及西部地区严酷度低。