Bio-efficacy evaluation of nanoformulations of β-cyfluthrin against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

In the present investigation, bioefficacy of developed β-cyfluthrin formulations, utilizing laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycols) based amphiphilic copolymers, were evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The bioefficacy data indicated that the formulations developed by utilizing polymers having PEG – 1500 (3c) and PEG – 2000 (3d) as the hydrophilic segment showed greater efficacy after 14 days as evident from EC₅₀ values (2.2 and 1.58 mg L^?1 respectively). Also, release from the commercial SC formulation was faster than developed formulations as the commercial formulation had the lowest EC₅₀ value on the first day (0.51 mg L^?1). The mean EC₅₀ of the commercial formulation against C. maculatus was quite high as compared to those of developed formulations. The results suggest that depending upon the polymer matrix used, the application rate of β-cyfluthrin can be optimized to achieve insect control at the desired level and period. The results described in this paper are promising and provide a comparison of developed formulations with the commercial one showing an earlier degradation of β-cyfluthrin in the latter and relatively prolonged activity in the former.     

Modelling the dissipation kinetics of six commonly used pesticides in two contrasting soils of New Zealand

We used three non-linear bi-phasic models, bi-exponential (BEXP), first-order double exponential decay (FODED), and first-order two-compartment (FOTC), to fit the measured degradation data for six commonly used pesticides (atrazine, terbuthylazine, bromacil, diazinon, hexazinone and procymidone) in two New Zealand soils. Corresponding DT₅₀ and DT₉₀ values for each compound were numerically obtained and compared against those estimated by simple first-order kinetic (SFOK) model. All 3 non-linear models gave good fit of the measured data under both soil depths and were well supported by the values obtained for the respective statistical indices (RMSE, CRM and r ²). The FOTC model gave by far the best fit for most compounds, followed by the FODED and BEXP models. Overall, DT₅₀ values derived by non-linear models for the six compounds in soils from both sites were lower than the values obtained by the SFOK model. Differences in the SFOK and the three non-linear models derived DT₉₀were, however, an order of magnitude higher for some compounds, while for others differences were very small. Although all three non-linear models described most data by giving excellent fits, in a few instances > 5–10% asymptotes hindered the estimation of DT₉₀ values. This work shows that when degradation deviates from first-order kinetic, application of non-linear decay models to describe the kinetics of degradation becomes important in order to derive the true end-points for pesticides in soil.     

Dissipation of terbuthylazine,metolachlor, and mesotrione in soils with contrasting texture

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione at different depths in soils with contrasting texture. The field trial was conducted at the Padua University Experimental Farm, north-east Italy. The persistence of three herbicides was studied in three different soil textures (clay soil, sandy soil, and loamy soil) at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm). Soil organic carbon content was highest in the clay (1.10%) followed by loam (0.67%) and sandy soil (0.24%); the pH of soils was sub-alkaline. Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione were applied on maize as a formulated product (Lumax®) at a dose of 3.5 L ha^?1. Their dissipation in the treated plots was followed for 2 months after application. The concentrations of herbicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione could be described by a pseudo first-order kinetics. Terbuthylazine showed the highest DT50, followed by metolachlor and mesotrione. Considering the tested soil, the highest DT50 value was found in clay soil for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas for mesotrione there was no difference among soils. Significant differences were found between the two soil depths for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas none were found for mesotrione. These results suggest that soil texture and depth have a strong influence on the dissipation of terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas no influence was observed on mesotrione because of its chemical and physical properties.     

红壤中镧积累对水稻的生理生态效应

通过盆栽试验 ,研究了红壤中稀土元素镧对水稻的生长发育 ,产量和一些对环境敏感的生理生化指标的影响 .结果表明 ,La浓度为 75mg·kg-1时水稻的生育期明显滞后 ,La浓度为 30 0mg·kg-1时水稻的生长显著受到抑制 ,产量显著降低 ,水稻生物量降低一半的EC50 =32 3 0 2mg·kg-1.La浓度为 75mg·kg-1时水稻的叶绿素a b显著降低 ,POD活性、细胞质膜透性和游离脯氨酸含量显著增高 .     

陆地生态系统呼吸温度敏感性及影响因素研究

陆地生态系统是全球第二大碳库,生态系统呼吸的任何细微变化都会在很大程度上影响着全球碳循环,改变大气中CO2浓度,而气候变化(如气候变暖)反过来会影响生态系统呼吸,从而增强温室效应.呼吸对温度的敏感性系数(Q10)是定量气候-碳循环反馈的一个关键参数,其相关研究仍存在较大的不确定性.本文探究了Q10的影响因素、时空变异性及机理解释,阐述了表观Q10和内在Q10的机理差异,指出内在Q10是有机物分解对温度的敏感性,更能反映生态系统碳循环对气候变化的本质反馈.     

多环芳烃的几种理化参数与LC50的相关性研究

对多环芳烃（PAHs)4种理化参数（KOW、SW、^1X、Vg(r))与LC50的相关关系进行了研究，建立了4种一元线性回归方程。结果表明，4种参数的相关系数分别为：0.7266、0.8083、0.9488、0.9570，经r检验，后两种属高度显著相关。用所建立的一元线性回归方程对7种PAHs的LC50进行估算，估算值民实测值相比，平均相对误差分别为58.84%、32.23%、17.61%、19.8%，用^1X和Vg(r)对LC50进行估算的估算度也较高。经比较，提出用Vg(r)估算PAHs对麦穗鱼LC50的新方法。     

花生蛋白废水生产的单细胞蛋白安全性的实验研究

花生蛋白废水是在花生蛋白加工过程中排放的一种高浓度有机废水。每生产1t花生蛋白,约有14—15t废水排出,其中BOD,COD高达10000ppm以上。此外还有多种无机离子,如不经处理排放到自然水体,将造成严重的环境污染,使大批水生生物死亡,甚至影响人类的健康。 为此,我们研究出以花生蛋白废水为原料,双菌混合,液、固两步发酵生产单细胞蛋白(SCP)的新工艺。在生产过程中,无培养废液排放,不产生二次污染。生产的SCP含粗     

应用腰鞭毛虫评价水体重金属污染的方法研究

鉴于腰鞭毛虫(dinoflagellates)生物毒性测试方法尚处于起步阶段,缺少各种污染物相应的毒性评价标准.利用美国海军研发的高新技术QwikLiteTM测试腰鞭毛虫发光量变化,应用腰鞭毛虫对重金属的响应关系评价水体重金属污染.结果表明,单一重金属的生物毒性Hg2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>As5+>Pb2+>Cr6+;2种、3种和4种重金属联合毒性基本以协同作用为主,个别有拮抗现象;pH对腰鞭毛虫影响不显著,可以直接将其应用于天然水体的生物毒性测试,但是pH对Hg2+和Cu2+的毒性有较大影响,测定这2类离子时需扣除pH影响;腰鞭毛虫不易受水体中营养物质影响,COD变化对腰鞭毛虫与Hg2+、Cd2+的响应关系影响显著.腰鞭毛虫对重金属污染敏感性好,响应范围窄,稳定性高,是水体重金属生物毒性测试的良好物种.     

黄土高原不同侵蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量日动态特征及其温度敏感性

利用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动观测系统监测了黄土高原不同侵蚀区(水蚀区、水蚀风蚀交错区、风蚀区)生物结皮土壤CO2通量的日变化,分析了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.结果表明:以去除生物结皮为对照,具有生理活性的生物结皮降低了土壤CO2通量,其中,水蚀区、交错区和风蚀区土壤日平均CO2通量分别降低了5.0％、8.9％和20.5％.水蚀区、交错区和风蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量日动态均呈单峰型曲线,峰值出现在12:00-14:00左右,大小分别为1.64、1.64和1.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,但日变化幅度差异明显.土壤呼吸速率随温度的升高呈上升趋势,指数函数能够较好地描述二者的关系.生物结皮土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10在空间尺度上存在一定变异,其中,水蚀区、交错区Q10值变化范围为1.93～ 2.43,而风蚀区Q10值变化范围为4.80～ 5.56,说明风蚀区生物结皮土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性大于水蚀区和交错区.本研究表明,在探求黄土高原地区土壤碳交换时,应当考虑生物结皮的影响及不同侵蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量的差异性.     

3种助剂对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性

为了探究新型助剂LD-10与常用助剂NP-10、NP-4对土壤非靶标生物的影响,以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为受试生物,采用自然土壤法和灭菌土壤法,研究了这3种助剂对土壤蚯蚓的急性毒性.结果表明,在自然土壤中LD-10、NP-10和NP-4对蚯蚓7d半致死浓度w(LC50)分别为482.58、1 077.50和343.17 mg·kg-1,14 d的w(LC50)分别为438.38、984.64和316.65 mg.kg-1.在灭菌土壤中LD-10、NP-10和NP-4对蚯蚓7d的w(LC50)分别为350.71、960.95和309.63 mg·kg-1,14d的w(LC50)分别为320.24、745.99和274.76 mg·kg-1.在自然土壤和灭菌土壤中3种助剂对赤子爱胜蚓均为低毒,毒性由大到小依次为NP-4、LD-10和NP-10,且3者在灭菌土壤中的毒性均明显高于自然土壤.