Comparison of the cytotoxic responses of Escherichia coli (E. coli) AMC 198 to different fullerene suspensions (nC60)

Fullerenes are set to be produced on an industrial scale in anticipation of their wide applications. This calls for research on their environmental and health impacts. This study investigates and compares the cell toxicity of different aqueous fullerene aggregates. Popular C₆₀ dispersal methods were used to prepare four types of nC₆₀ aggregates. These aggregates were tested against the indicator species Escherichia coli (E. coli) AMC 198. With aggregates of around 150 nm in diameter, the THF/nC₆₀ suspension was very toxic and gave rise to a half maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 0.54 mg L⁻¹ in E. coli. By contrast, the Tol/nC₆₀ suspension exhibited a cytoprotective role while the Aqu-N₂/nC₆₀ and Aqu-O₂/nC₆₀ suspensions enhanced the metabolism of E. coli. Although some toxicants, such as THF and THF-peroxide, were introduced into the THF/nC₆₀ suspension during the dispersion, the toxicity of nC₆₀ itself cannot be neglected.     

Bio-efficacy evaluation of nanoformulations of β-cyfluthrin against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

In the present investigation, bioefficacy of developed β-cyfluthrin formulations, utilizing laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycols) based amphiphilic copolymers, were evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The bioefficacy data indicated that the formulations developed by utilizing polymers having PEG – 1500 (3c) and PEG – 2000 (3d) as the hydrophilic segment showed greater efficacy after 14 days as evident from EC₅₀ values (2.2 and 1.58 mg L^?1 respectively). Also, release from the commercial SC formulation was faster than developed formulations as the commercial formulation had the lowest EC₅₀ value on the first day (0.51 mg L^?1). The mean EC₅₀ of the commercial formulation against C. maculatus was quite high as compared to those of developed formulations. The results suggest that depending upon the polymer matrix used, the application rate of β-cyfluthrin can be optimized to achieve insect control at the desired level and period. The results described in this paper are promising and provide a comparison of developed formulations with the commercial one showing an earlier degradation of β-cyfluthrin in the latter and relatively prolonged activity in the former.     

Modelling the dissipation kinetics of six commonly used pesticides in two contrasting soils of New Zealand

We used three non-linear bi-phasic models, bi-exponential (BEXP), first-order double exponential decay (FODED), and first-order two-compartment (FOTC), to fit the measured degradation data for six commonly used pesticides (atrazine, terbuthylazine, bromacil, diazinon, hexazinone and procymidone) in two New Zealand soils. Corresponding DT₅₀ and DT₉₀ values for each compound were numerically obtained and compared against those estimated by simple first-order kinetic (SFOK) model. All 3 non-linear models gave good fit of the measured data under both soil depths and were well supported by the values obtained for the respective statistical indices (RMSE, CRM and r ²). The FOTC model gave by far the best fit for most compounds, followed by the FODED and BEXP models. Overall, DT₅₀ values derived by non-linear models for the six compounds in soils from both sites were lower than the values obtained by the SFOK model. Differences in the SFOK and the three non-linear models derived DT₉₀were, however, an order of magnitude higher for some compounds, while for others differences were very small. Although all three non-linear models described most data by giving excellent fits, in a few instances > 5–10% asymptotes hindered the estimation of DT₉₀ values. This work shows that when degradation deviates from first-order kinetic, application of non-linear decay models to describe the kinetics of degradation becomes important in order to derive the true end-points for pesticides in soil.     

Dissipation of terbuthylazine,metolachlor, and mesotrione in soils with contrasting texture

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione at different depths in soils with contrasting texture. The field trial was conducted at the Padua University Experimental Farm, north-east Italy. The persistence of three herbicides was studied in three different soil textures (clay soil, sandy soil, and loamy soil) at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm). Soil organic carbon content was highest in the clay (1.10%) followed by loam (0.67%) and sandy soil (0.24%); the pH of soils was sub-alkaline. Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione were applied on maize as a formulated product (Lumax®) at a dose of 3.5 L ha^?1. Their dissipation in the treated plots was followed for 2 months after application. The concentrations of herbicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione could be described by a pseudo first-order kinetics. Terbuthylazine showed the highest DT50, followed by metolachlor and mesotrione. Considering the tested soil, the highest DT50 value was found in clay soil for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas for mesotrione there was no difference among soils. Significant differences were found between the two soil depths for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas none were found for mesotrione. These results suggest that soil texture and depth have a strong influence on the dissipation of terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas no influence was observed on mesotrione because of its chemical and physical properties.     

不同pH值下有机酸碱对发光菌的急性毒性

测定了33种有机酸碱化合物在不同pHT(5．0、7．0、9．0)对发光菌的急性毒性(半数发光抑制浓度，15min-EC50。)。结果表明，胺类化合物对发光菌的毒性随pH的升高而增大；酚类和苯甲酸类的毒性随pH的升高而减小，这与不同pH下有机酸碱的电离程度有关。有机酸碱的生物毒性主要是由分子态引起，但离子态作用不可忽略。相同pH下，有机酸碱的生物毒性随取代基团的种类、个数及取代位置而不同。并在此基础上初步探讨了有机酸碱的毒性机制。     

微囊藻毒素对褶皱臂尾轮虫的毒性效应和种群增长影响

 研究了微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)对咸淡水褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性效应.采用克隆培养法,通过编制生命表计算内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(l)、净生殖率(R₀)和世代时间(T),研究MC-LR的浓度在1～20mg/mL之间对轮虫种群增长参数的影响.结果表明,MC-LR的24h LC₅₀为124.87mg/mL;各实验组轮虫的存活率和繁殖率及种群增长参数均低于对照组,其中以R₀的改变最明显,对照组是实验组的2.4～3.8倍;实验组轮虫的雄体发生率是对照组的2倍以上.研究还显示了轮虫对MC-LR有较强的耐受能力;MC-LR能降低轮虫的生命周期、繁殖和种群增长率;MC-LR能诱导轮虫雄性个体的发生.     

杀虫剂单甲脒对绿藻的毒性研究

研究了杀虫剂单甲脒对斜生栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ）和蛋白核小球藻（Ｃｈｌｏｒｅｌｌａｐｙｒｅｎｏｉ－ｄｏｓａ）的短期和长期毒性。用细胞密度计算出的４８ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．４２和１．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，９６ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．６７和１．６２ｍｇ／Ｌ长期毒性试验结果表明，经试验初期的抑制后，杀虫剂单甲脒能促进藻类繁衍。     

4-甲基喹啉的微生物降解研究

从处理油制气废水的活性污泥中分离得到一株可降解喹啉的菌Q10，经鉴定为睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni)。该菌还可以降解4——甲基喹啉，本文着重研究了该菌在好氧条件下对4——甲基喹啉降解特性。实验结果表明，该菌在碱性条件下比在酸性条件下更有利于4——甲基喹啉的降解；温度为30℃时降解较快；振荡速度对降解没有明显影响；在适当的细菌浓度和底物浓度水平上，4——甲基喹啉具有较高的降解效率。实验也表明，菌Q10是一株喹啉衍生物广谱降解菌，具有重要的实用价值。     

对等效声级Leq不小于L10可能性的讨论

本文针对噪声实际监测中出现等效声级Leq大于或等于累积百分比声级L1 0 可能性的不同情况 ,通过理论与实际相结合 ,阐述了等效声级Leq大于或等于累积百分比声级L1 0 的可能性及其相互之间的关系     

疏浚物对栉孔扇贝急性致死量的实验研究

本文探讨实验室室条件下疏浚物对栉孔扇贝９６ｈ半致死浓度以及试验条件的筛选，实验结果表明，疏浚物粒径小于６３μｍ，海水中悬浮物浓度为１０％，水温（２０±１）℃，ｐＨ８．０－８．３，盐度２９－３０，充氧条件下，栉孔扇贝９６ｈ内的死亡率为６３％。