3-甲基喹啉的微生物降解

从处理油制气废水的活性污泥中分离得到一株菌种Q10，经16SrDNA序列分析鉴定为睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌，该菌可以利用3-甲基喹啉作为唯一碳源和能源生长。着重研究了该菌在好氧条件下利用3-甲基喹啉作为唯一碳源和能源的降解特性．并初步分析了3-甲基喹啉的降解中间产物。实验结果表明：菌种Q10对3-甲基喹啉具有较高的降解性能．3-甲基喹啉降解的主要途径是首先生成单羟基化合物、多羟基化合物，然后主要在苯环上发生开环反应进一步降解。     

6种含氮杂环化合物对发光细菌的毒性研究

研究了吲哚，吡啶，喹啉，异喹啉、2-甲基喹啉和8-羟基喹啉6种含氮杂环化合物对发光细菌的急性毒性作用及上述物质两两混合对发光细菌的联合毒性作用。结果表明，上述物质对发光细菌的EC50分别为11．75、591．50、24．30、8．24、52．26和0．88mg／L，毒性由强至弱依次为8-羟基喹啉、异喹啉、吲哚、喹啉、2-甲基喹、吡啶。所有物质两两混合的联合毒性作用均表现为相加作用。     

根据片段常数法估算有机化合物对虹鳟的LC50值

根据 2 58种有机物对虹鳟的 96h半数致死浓度 (LC50 )实测值建立了预测有机物对虹鳟LC50 的片段常数估算模型 .讨论了模型的误差和稳健性 .结果表明 ,有机物的片段常数及结构因子与虹鳟log1 /LC50 之间具有很好的定量关系 .可以根据化合物片段估算其对虹鳟的半数致死浓度 .最终模型的可决系数为 0 94 95,平均误差0 4 2个对数单位 .无论就单一化合物或化合物类别而言 ,模型均具有较高的稳健性     

Valuation of human health: An integrated model of willingness to pay for mortality and morbidity risk reductions

This paper develops and applies an integrated model of mortality and morbidity valuation that is consistent with the principles of welfare economics. To obtain the integrated model, the standard one-period expected utility model of one person facing the prospect of either being alive or dead is extended to incorporate (1) a third health state (sick) with a utility level that is intermediate to utility if healthy and utility if dead, (2) a family perspective in which a parent makes choices about risk exposure both for herself and for a child, and (3) a multi-period framework that allows for possible parent/child differences in illness latency. Monetary benefits of health risk reduction obtained from the integrated model are compared with those that would be computed using the standard model. The integrated model then is applied using data obtained from two field studies of skin cancer and leukemia to demonstrate how it can be used to estimate health benefits of reduced illness and death risks.     

Reforming small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa: Political and ideological challenges to a Fair Trade gold initiative

In sub-Saharan Africa, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has caused a range of environmental, social and economic problems. Most of the donor support pledged to improve conditions in the sector to date, however, has failed to facilitate marked improvements, in large part because emphasis has been placed on technical interventions; at the same time, impoverished miners’ needs and concerns have been seriously overlooked. It is against this background that this paper critically examines the underpinnings and potential of “Fair Trade gold” as a solution to many of the problems plaguing the ASM sector and a mechanism for alleviating the hardships of its operators. Unlike the majority of ASM-support support measures implemented in the past, “Fair Trade gold” is entrenched in the discourse of “partnership” and “participation”. To ensure its effectiveness initiatives must be adapted according to the specificities of ASM.     

An uncertainty based multi-criteria ranking system for open pit mining cut-off grade strategy selection

Cut-off grade strategy (COGS) is a concept that directly influences the financial, technical, economical, and environmental issues in relation to the exploitation of a mineral resource. Despite the simple definition of cut-off grade, the COGS problem is one of the complex and complicated problems in the mine planning process. From the optimization point of view, the COGS with an objective of maximizing the present value of future cash flows is a non-linear and a non-convex problem that even in its deterministic form can be solved using approximate optimization methods. This optimization problem will also be more complex and complicated under uncertainty conditions. This paper proposes an uncertainty based multi-criteria ranking system to investigate the problem of COGS selection considering metal price and geological uncertainties. The proposed system aims at selection of the best COGS among technically feasible alternative COGSs under uncertainty circumstances. Our developed system is based on integrating metal price and geological uncertainties as well as operating flexibility to close the mine early. We incorporate this operating flexibility into the proposed system using a Monte Carlo based real options (RO) valuation model. For this purpose, in addition to the expected value, other risk criteria are considered to rank the alternatives. These risk criteria include abilities of strategies in producing extra profits, minimizing losses, and achieving the predefined goals of the production. In this study, the technically possible COGSs are generated using the Lane comprehensive algorithm. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, we utilize data of an Iranian gold mine. Results show that the proposed system outperforms conventional methods in the sense that it shows significantly lower average mis-ranking than the other methods and also selects a strategy with a higher value. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed system relative to the gold price shows that the system is highly dependent on the parameters of the stochastic process used to model the evolution of the metal price. Therefore, special consideration should be given in estimating stochastic process parameters.     

Persistence of azadirachtin A and B in soil: Effects of temperature and microbial activity

Abstract

The persistence of two insecticidally active compounds from the neem tree, azadirachtin A and B, was determined at two different temperatures (15 and 25°C) in the laboratory after application of the commercial neem insecticide, Margosan‐O, to a sandy loam soil. The influence of microbial activity on degradation was also examined by comparing autoclaved and non‐autoclaved soils also at 15 and 25°C. Temperature influenced degradation rates. The DT ₅₀ (time required for 50% disappearance of the initial concentration) for azadirachtin A was 43.9 and 19.8 d for non‐autoclaved soil kept at 15 and 25°C, respectively. The DT ₅₀ for azadirachtin B was 59.2 and 20.8 d for non‐autoclaved soil kept at 15 and 25°C, respectively. Microbial activity was also responsible for faster degradation because DT ₅₀ ’s for autoclaved soil were much longer than for non‐autoclaved soils. DT ₅₀ ‘_s for azadirachtin A in autoclaved soil were 91.2 (15°C) and 31.5 d (25°C). DT50’s for azadirachtin B in autoclaved soil were 115.5 (15°C) and 42.3 d (25°C). Two degradation products of azadirachtin were detected, but were not identified. Higher levels of the two degradation products were detected in non‐autoclaved soil.     

A sceptical vision of the environmental Kuznets curve: The case of sulfur dioxide

The aim of this paper is to check the hypothesis for the environmental Kuznets curve for sulfur dioxide. This involved analysis of: 1. the theoretical basis of the model; 2. the technical problem of SO2 generation; 3 the kind of information used in the estimations; 4. changes in the structure of electric energy production; 5. improvements in energy efficiency; and 6. the recent introduction of cleaning mechanisms in a favourable political context. The conclusion is that, if it is possible to prove the existence of environmental Kuznets curve models, their utility as instruments of economic policy is debatable.     

氯苯甲酸植物毒性实验中抗氧化酶变化的量化研究

为研究氯苯甲酸(CBA)的植物毒性,评估生物化学参数能否作为CBA植物毒性的指示因子,采用对CBA敏感的小白菜种子和大白菜种子进行暴露实验,在根伸长抑制率为10%～50%的质量浓度范围内,研究了CBA剂量-抗氧化酶活性的关系.结果表明:随着CBA质量浓度的升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性总体上呈逐渐上升至峰值然后下降趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与SOD活性近似,呈先升后降趋势,但幅度大于SOD活性.对CBA剂量-酶活性抑制率进行了回归分析,对拟合效果进行了显著性检验(P<0.05),并求出相应的半效应浓度(EC50),实验材料的SOD和CAT活性的EC50均在实验区间之外,POD活性的EC50则在实验区间之内,表明在实验区间内,SOD和CAT活性不敏感,POD活性为有效指标      

氯代苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性及QSAR研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验,测定了18种氯苯类化合物对长江水中混合细菌的毒性,得到24 hIC₅₀值,-1gIC₅₀为3.65～4.32,其中,毒性最弱的是氯苯,毒性最强的是1,2,4-三氯苯.选用分子连接性指数法对毒性数据进行定量结构活性关系(QSAR)研究.结果表明,氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性与苯环上取代基的种类、数目和位置有关,价分子连接性指数0XV和7X_CHV能够很好地描述氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性.方程-1gIC₅₀=0.8390XV-25.3727X_CHV+0.802的稳健性很好,该模型的预测值与毒性实测值之间的相关系数达0.948.