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Hans W. Hauschild John R. Humm Frank A. Pintar Narayan Yoganandan Bruce Kaufman Matthew R. Maltese 《Traffic injury prevention》2015,16(7):S9-S15
Objective: To evaluate the influence of forward-facing child restraint systems’ (FFCRSs) side impact structure, such as side wings, on the head kinematics and response of a restrained, far- or center-seated 3-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) in oblique sled tests.Methods: Sled tests were conducted utilizing an FFCRS with large side wings and with the side wings removed. The CRS were attached via LATCH on 2 different vehicle seat fixtures—a small SUV rear bench seat and minivan rear bucket seat—secured to the sled carriage at 20° from lateral. Four tests were conducted on each vehicle seat fixture, 2 for each FFCRS configuration. A Q3s dummy was positioned in FFCRS according to the CRS owner's manual and FMVSS 213 procedures. The tests were conducted using the proposed FMVSS 213 side impact pulse. Three-dimensional motion cameras collected head excursion data. Relevant data collected during testing included the ATD head excursions, head accelerations, LATCH belt loads, and neck loads.Results: Results indicate that side wings have little influence on head excursions and ATD response. The median lateral head excursion was 435 mm with side wings and 443 mm without side wings. The primary differences in head response were observed between the 2 vehicle seat fixtures due to the vehicle seat head restraint design. The bench seat integrated head restraint forced a tether routing path over the head restraint. Due to the lateral crash forces, the tether moved laterally off the head restraint reducing tension and increasing head excursion (477 mm median). In contrast, when the tether was routed through the bucket seat's adjustable head restraint, it maintained a tight attachment and helped control head excursion (393 mm median).Conclusion: This testing illustrated relevant side impact crash circumstances where side wings do not provide the desired head containment for a 3-year-old ATD seated far-side or center in FFCRS. The head appears to roll out of the FFCRS even in the presence of side wings, which may expose the occupant to potential head impact injuries. We postulate that in a center or far-side seating configuration, the absence of door structure immediately adjacent to the CRS facilitates the rotation and tipping of the FFCRS toward the impact side and the roll-out of the head around the side wing structure. Results suggest that other prevention measures, in the form of alternative side impact structure design, FFCRS vehicle attachment, or shared protection between the FFCRS and the vehicle, may be necessary to protect children in oblique side impact crashes. 相似文献
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Effectiveness of China's National Forest Protection Program and nature reserves 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Guopeng Ren Stephen S. Young Lin Wang Wei Wang Yongcheng Long Ruidong Wu Junsheng Li Jianguo Zhu Douglas W. Yu 《Conservation biology》2015,29(5):1368-1377
There is profound interest in knowing the degree to which China's institutions are capable of protecting its natural forests and biodiversity in the face of economic and political change. China's 2 most important forest‐protection policies are its National Forest Protection Program (NFPP) and its national‐level nature reserves (NNRs). The NFPP was implemented in 2000 in response to deforestation‐caused flooding. We undertook the first national, quantitative assessment of the NFPP and NNRs to examine whether the NFPP achieved its deforestation‐reduction target and whether the NNRs deter deforestation altogether. We used MODIS data to estimate forest cover and loss across mainland China (2000–2010). We also assembled the first‐ever polygon dataset for China's forested NNRs (n = 237, 74,030 km2 in 2000) and used both conventional and covariate‐matching approaches to compare deforestation rates inside and outside NNRs (2000–2010). In 2000, 1.765 million km2 or 18.7% of mainland China was forested (12.3% with canopy cover of ≥70%)) or woodland (6.4% with canopy cover <70% and tree plus shrub cover ≥40%). By 2010, 480,203 km2 of forest and woodland had been lost, an annual deforestation rate of 2.7%. Forest‐only loss was 127,473 km2 (1.05% annually). In the NFPP provinces, the forest‐only loss rate was 0.62%, which was 3.3 times lower than in the non‐NFPP provinces. Moreover, the Landsat data suggest that these loss rates are overestimates due to large MODIS pixel size. Thus, China appears to have achieved, and even exceeded, its target of reducing deforestation to 1.1% annually in the NFPP provinces. About two‐thirds of China's NNRs were effective in protecting forest cover (prevented loss 4073 km2 unmatched approach; 3148 km2 matched approach), and within‐NNR deforestation rates were higher in provinces with higher overall deforestation. Our results indicate that China's existing institutions can protect domestic forest cover. 相似文献
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本文通过腐蚀失重试验、腐蚀产物分析和交流阻抗谱研究了Q345R在不用的微量的两种小分子有机酸(甲酸和乙酸)中的常温25℃和液相高温85℃中腐蚀行为.根据试验结果可知,随着浓度的逐渐升高,Q345R在两种小分子有机酸腐蚀速率均有所升高,腐蚀产物逐渐增厚,腐蚀形貌未发生明显变化.根据电化学试验结果,在25℃环境温度下,小分子有机酸对Q345R的腐蚀剧烈程度随时间明显降低,并且表面吸附作用明显减弱.在85℃环境温度下,小分子有机酸对Q345R的腐蚀剧烈程度随时间变化不大,反应行为也未发生明显的变化.这说明在较高的温度下,随着反应激活能提高,扩散条件并非控制腐蚀反应的最主要因素,腐蚀行为也与较低环境温度下产生显著的区别. 相似文献
176.
The 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1, MBP-79) and further halogenated 1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrroles (MBPs) are a class of marine natural products repeatedly detected in seafood and marine mammals from all over the world. Only Q1 is currently commercially available as reference standard and the full synthesis of mixed brominated-chlorinated compound is rather complicated. For this reason, synthetic Q1 (240 mg) was transferred into bromine-containing MBPs by UV-irradiation in the presence of bromine. Bromine, which rapidly vanished from the solutions, was re-newed during the reaction in order to generate higher amounts of Br-containing MBPs. A total of ∼150 mg Q1 was transferred after ∼10 min irradiation with high amounts of Br2 to give 30.5 mg BrCl6-MBPs along with lower proportions of Br2Cl5-, Br3Cl4-, Br4Cl3- and traces of Br5Cl2-MBPs. Longer UV-irradiation in the presence of Br2 even allowed for the detection of Br6Cl-MBPs and traces of Br7-MBP. However, this reaction also provided some unknown by-products. A sample stored in the dark and later in in-door light (no UV irradiation) also eliminated Q1 after 76 d in favour of heptahalogenated MBPs with up to three bromine substituents. The irradiation products were separated on silica, and fractions containing only Q1 and BrCl6-MBPs were then further fractionated by non-aqueous RP-HPLC. A pure isolate of the major BrCl6-MBP (∼1.5 mg) was characterized by GC/MS and 13C NMR to be 2-bromo-3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachloro-1-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-75). Partial GC enantioseparation of the axially chiral Br-MBP-75 was achieved on a β-PMCD column. A full enantioseparation was managed by enantioselective HPLC using a NUCLEOCEL DELTA S column. Low amounts of pure BrCl6-MBP enantiomers could be trapped. 相似文献
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Technological choices are multi-dimensional and thus one needs a multi-dimensional methodology to identify best available techniques. Moreover, in the presence of environmental externalities generated by productive activities, ‘best’ available techniques should be best from Society's point of view, not only in terms of private interests. In this paper we present a modeling framework based on methodologies appropriate to serve these two purposes, namely linear programming and internalization of external costs. We develop it as an operational decision tool, of interest for both firms and regulators, and we apply it to a plant in the lime industry. We show why, in this context, there is in general not a single best available technique (BAT), but well a best combination of available techniques to be used (BCAT). 相似文献
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