虎纹蛙和大树蛙肾细胞超微结构及其与环境适应性的关系

用透射电镜比较了大树蛙和虎纹蛙肾细胞的超微结构，大树蛙近曲小管上皮细胞具发达的质膜内褶迷路，虎纹蛙近曲小管上皮细胞无比结构；小树蛙远曲小管上皮细胞含丰富的质膜内褶，虎纹蛙远曲小管上皮细胞的质膜内褶较少；两种蛙的集合管上皮细胞都有质膜内褶迷路；结果表明，虎纹蛙和大树蛙之间肾细胞超微结构特征的差异是与它们不同的栖息环境和生态习性相适应的。     

长白山区中国林蛙资源及其保护与增殖

中国林蛙主要产于我国的长白山区,具有较高的经济价值。本文根据近年来的生产实践和调查研究资料,着重介绍了吉林省长白山区的中国林蛙养殖生物学特征,提出了在该区的资源保护途径与增殖措施     

The effect of perceived intruder proximity and resident body size on the aggressive responses of male green frogs, Rana clamitans (Anura: Ranidae)

We examined variation in aggressive responses within and among individuals in the green frog, Rana clamitans. We tested the hypothesis that resident males respond in a graded fashion to changes in perceived intruder proximity (stimulus intensity). We also investigated how response level varied with responder body size. We found that green frogs differentially alter aggressive responses (increasing movement and calling rates while decreasing the duration and dominant frequency of their calls) with an increase in stimulus intensity. Body size did not appear to be a significant influence on most response levels. We suggest that aggressive responses are graded, and advertisement and aggressive calls represent opposite ends of a continuum. Green frogs do not exhibit clearly defined thresholds for responses like those reported for some other frogs. By using graded responses rather than discrete all-or-nothing responses, males may reduce the potential costs of aggressive encounters.     

Selective phonotaxis by male wood frogs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana sylvatica</Emphasis>) to the sound of a chorus

Frogs and toads commonly form large choruses around suitable breeding habitat during the mating season. Although often regarded as a constraint on the acoustic behavior of signalers and receivers, the sounds of a chorus could also serve as an acoustic beacon that allows some frogs to locate the breeding aggregation. Attraction to chorus sounds might be particularly important for explosively breeding frogs. In these species, which often mate just one or a few days during the year, the timing and location of breeding aggregations can be unpredictable because their formation often depends on local climatic factors, such as rainfall or a change in temperature. I used laboratory playback experiments to test the hypothesis that male wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), an explosively breeding frog, exhibit positive phonotaxis toward the sound of a conspecific chorus. Males were released at the center of a rectangular arena with a speaker positioned in each corner facing toward the release point. In a single-stimulus experiment, more males approached a speaker broadcasting a conspecific chorus than the three silent speakers in the arena. In a two-stimulus experiment, more males approached a speaker broadcasting a conspecific chorus compared to the two silent speakers or a fourth speaker simultaneously broadcasting the spectrally overlapping sound of a heterospecific (R. septentrionalis) chorus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that male wood frogs could use the sound of a chorus as a beacon to locate a short-lived breeding aggregation.     

7种金属离子对中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性比较研究

为评估Cu2+,Hg2+,Cr6+,Cd2+,Li+,Al3+和Co2+7种金属离子对中国林蛙(Rana Chensinensis)和中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)蝌蚪的急性毒性效应,采用生物毒性试验方法对中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍36期蝌蚪,进行上述7种金属离子的急性毒性试验,分别测定了这7种金属离子对中国林蛙蝌蚪和中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的半数致死浓度(LC50)。此外,分析了中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍36期蝌蚪的肥满度、肝指数等形态指标。结果显示,Cu2+、Hg2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Li1+、Al3+、Co2+对中国林蛙蝌蚪的96h-LC50分别为0.270 mg·L-1、0.803 mg·L-1、2.375 mg·L-1、7.351 mg·L-1、11.273 mg·L-1、17.265 mg·L-1和20.973 mg·L-1。对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别0.593 mg·L-1、0.593 mg·L-1、2.827 mg·L-1、2.592 mg·L-1、12.656 mg·L-1、14.020 mg·L-1和57.435 mg·L-1。中国林蛙蝌蚪对Cu2+、Cr6+、Li+、Co6+4种金属离子的敏感性相对较高,而中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪对Hg2+、Cd2+、Al3+3种金属离子的敏感性相对较高。形态指标的差异是中国林蛙与中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪对同一金属离子敏感性差异的原因之一。     

除草剂阿特拉津(Atrazine)溶液中弹琴蛙蝌蚪(Rana adenopleura)的行为模式

研究了不同条件下阿特拉津溶液中 (ρ1～ 4/mgL-1:5 ,10 ,15 ,2 0 )弹琴蛙 (Ranaadenopleura)蝌蚪的行为 ,运用方差分析 (ANOVA)检验了蝌蚪在不同浓度的阿特拉津、时间段、pH值、溶氧量等条件下的行为差异性 .根据实验结果 ,确立了正常及异常行为模式 .结果表明 :在水温 (15 .0± 0 .5 )℃的条件下 ,弹琴蛙蝌蚪异常行为的出现主要与阿特拉津的浓度有关 ,同时与实验时间的长短也有一定的关系 ,而与 pH值、溶氧量关系不大 .实验组与对照组相比 ,蝌蚪出现异常行为的频次差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1) ;其中在实验组中 ,蝌蚪在 5mg/L的阿特拉津溶液中与 10mg/L、15mg/L、2 0mg/L中出现异常行为的频次差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,而在 10mg/L、15mg/L、2 0mg/L阿特拉津溶液中出现异常行为的频次差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,相关性分析表明 ,蝌蚪异常行为的出现与阿特拉津的浓度没有剂量反应关系 (r2 =0 .4 94 ) ;在对照组中 ,0 .5mL/L丙酮对照和空白对照中蝌蚪出现异常行为的频次差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) .图 3表 2参 17     

鱼类和两栖类胚胎幼体慢性毒性短期试验

采用鲤鱼和黑斑蛙进行了丙烯腈、乙腈、硫氰酸钠和二甲基甲酰胺等４种污染物的鱼类和两栖类胚胎幼体毒性试验．结果表明，４种污染物对鲤鱼的慢性毒性值分别为２．２６、５５６、２８．３和１１３１ｍｇ／Ｌ，已腈、硫氰酸钠和二甲基甲酰胺对黑斑蛙的慢性毒性值分别为２８２８、５６．５和４５２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，说明采用胚胎幼体试验能够有效地预测污染物的慢性毒性效应．     

镉对黑斑蛙脏器组织的亚慢性毒性效应

研究了在不同浓度镉(10～40mg/L)中暴露30d黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)脏器组织的亚慢性毒性效应.结果表明,当镉暴露浓度>30mg/L时,黑斑蛙的肝脏指数显著减少.黑斑蛙肝脏、肾脏和心脏Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase活性随着Cd²⁺浓度的升高而降低,表现出明显的浓度-效应关系.在同一浓度(20mg/L)不同时间处理中,肝脏、肾脏组织Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase活性随处理时间的延长表现为先升高后下降的趋势.肝脏和肾脏Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase对Cd²⁺更为敏感.肝脏指数的减少和肝脏、肾脏、心脏组织Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase活性的变化在一定程度上反映了镉对黑斑蛙的损伤作用.