Drink driving deterrents and self-reported offending behaviours among a sample of Queensland motorists

Problem

The efficacy of drink driving (driving under the influence, DUI) countermeasures to deter motorists from driving over the legal limit is extremely important when considering the personal and economic impact the offending behavior has on the community. This paper reports on an examination of 780 Queensland motorists' perceptions of legal and non-legal sanctions and their deterrent impact on self-reported offending behavior. Method: The data were collected via a telephone survey of motorists recruited from a random sample of all listed telephone numbers in the state, adjusted according to district population figures. Results: The results indicated that there were a range of legal and non-legal factors that were significantly associated with self-reported DUI including: the perceived risk of apprehension and license loss (legal factors); and concerns relating to the possibility of being involved in a crash and hurting another person (non-legal factors). However, additional multivariate analyses indicated that while both legal and non-legal factors significantly predicted self-reported DUI, higher alcohol consumption levels and more favorable attitudes to the behavior also appear to increase the likelihood of DUI. Discussion: The paper will outline the direct implications of the research project such as the development and promotion of countermeasures that both effectively deter motorists and address pro-offending attitudes. Impact on industry: The findings also highlight that DUI remains a relatively common behaviour among some motoring groups and that there is a need to extend current levels of enforcement as well as adopt innovative strategies to enhance the impact of these operations on the offending behaviour.     

超高斯（分布）随机振动HALT试验剖面建立要点解析

本文介绍了超高斯（分布）随机振动HALT技术,对超高斯（分布）随机振动HALT试验剖面的建立提出了方法和建议,主要包括试验顺序的选择、应力强度的确定、步进量级的选择、驻留时间确定和试验停止原则等五方面,并总结了现场试验的要求和注意事项。     

Quantifying the influence of humic acid adsorption on colloidal microsphere deposition onto iron-oxide-coated sand

This article describes an approach for quantifying microsphere deposition onto iron-oxide-coated sand under the influence of adsorbed Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA). The experimental technique involved a triple pulse injection of model latex microspheres (microspheres) in pulses of (1) microspheres, followed by (2) SRHA, and then (3) microspheres, into a column filled with iron-coated quartz sand as a water-saturated porous medium. A random sequential adsorption model (RSA) simulated the gradual rise in the first (microsphere) breakthrough curve (BTC). Using the same model calibration parameters a dramatic increase in concentration at the start of the second particle BTC, generated after SRHA injection, could be simulated by matching microsphere concentrations to extrapolated RSA output. RSA results and microsphere/SRHA recoveries showed that 1 μg of SRHA could block 5.90 ± 0.14 × 10⁹ microsphere deposition sites. This figure was consistent between experiments injecting different SRHA masses, despite contrasting microsphere deposition/release regimes generating the second microsphere BTC.     

Zooplankton encounters in patchy particle distributions

Zooplankton encounter rates are dependent not only on both sensory and swimming performances of the organisms, but also on the distribution pattern of food particles. Increasing evidences indicate that, in natural conditions, phytoplankton is often aggregated in thin layers. In the present contribution we investigate the concomitant effects of motion complexity and habitat fragmentation on the number of encounters realised by virtual continuously moving copepods adopting different motion strategies. Our simulated organisms move in an environment characterised by the presence of thin patches of phytoplankton, and their swim follows five motion rules (pure random walk, correlated random walk with three different time scales, self-avoiding random walk), each characterised by a typical value of the three-dimensional fractal dimension D_3D. Compared to a uniform distribution, for a given motion rule the clustering of prey particles increases the variance of encounters, while no remarkable effect is reported in the average number of particles intercepted. These results broaden our understanding of the behavioural efficiency in freely swimming zooplankters and improve our knowledge of the functioning of aquatic systems.     

Incorporating behaviour into simple models of dispersal using the biological control agent Dicyphus hesperus

We explored the utility of incorporating easily measured, biologically realistic movement rules into simple models of dispersal. We depart from traditional random walk models by designing an individual-based simulation model where we decompose animal movement into three separate processes: emigration, between-patch movement, and immigration behaviour. These processes were quantified using experiments on the omnivorous insect Dicyphus hesperus moving through a tomato greenhouse. We compare the predictions of the individual-based model, along with a series of biased random walk models, against an independent experimental release of D. hesperus. We find that in this system, the short-term dispersal of these insects is described well by our individual-based model, but can also be described by a 2D grid-based biased random walk model when mortality is accounted for.     

Application of random pore model for SO2 removal reaction by CuO

In this work, mathematical modeling of SO₂ removal reaction with CuO was accomplished by the random pore model. The partial differential equations, describing the reaction of a gaseous reactant with a single pellet and also a packed bed of solid reactant, were solved by the finite element method. The results of modeling consist of CuO conversion-time profiles at different temperatures and SO₂ concentrations, and also break through curves which were compared with the literature experimental data in a good accuracy. The rate constants were estimated from the initial slope of the conversion-time curves, and the product layer diffusivities were evaluated from the whole conversion-time profiles.     

复杂地形机械湍流扩散的粒子随机行走模拟

应用粒子随机行走模拟方法模拟了高架点源在中性情况下在复杂地形上的排放,并将模拟结果与风洞实验进行了比较,二者能较好地吻合。虽然将该方法用于复杂地形大气扩散计算在技术上不存在什么困难,但是在确定模式基本参数等方面,还应该慎重考虑。      

Measurement and analysis of non-Fickian dispersion in heterogeneous porous media

Contaminant breakthrough behavior in a variety of heterogeneous porous media was measured in laboratory experiments, and evaluated in terms of both the classical advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and the continuous time random walk (CTRW) framework. Heterogeneity can give rise to non-Fickian transport patterns, which are distinguished by "anomalous" early arrival and late time tails in breakthrough curves. Experiments were conducted in two mid-scale laboratory flow cells packed with clean, sieved sand of specified grain sizes. Three sets of experiments were performed, using a "homogeneous" packing, a randomly heterogeneous packing using sand of two grain sizes, and an exponentially correlated structure using sand of three grain sizes. Concentrations of sodium chloride tracer were monitored at the inflow reservoir and measured at the outflow reservoir. Breakthrough curves were then analyzed by comparison to fitted solutions from the ADE and CTRW formulations. In all three systems, including the "homogeneous" one, subtle yet measurable differences between Fickian and non-Fickian transport were observed. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the CTRW theory characterized the full shape of the breakthrough curves far more effectively than the ADE.     

浅论人为灾害

本文着重对人为灾害进行了讨论，指出了人为灾害的主要特征，即它超越了时间和空间的界限，具有不确定性和惩罚性，并由此将人为灾害划分为随机、次生、潜在三个系统．在以翔实的资料描述人为灾害现状后，提出了防治对策．     

非感潮河流水污染带范围的估算

在河流污染带范围随机模拟方法的基础上提出了一个附加概率意义的污染带新定义，然后利用线性回归，分别采用３种曲线拟合和１个方面拟合两种方法，对污染带的范围进行估算，结果表明，能较真实地反映河流污染带的实际情况。