Characteristics of plankton Hg bioaccumulations based on a global data set and the implications for aquatic systems with aggravating nutrient imbalance

• Hg bioaccumulation by phytoplankton varies among aquatic ecosystems. • Active Hg uptake may exist for the phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems. • Impacts of nutrient imbalance on food chain Hg transfer should be addressed. The bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in aquatic ecosystem poses a potential health risk to human being and aquatic organism. Bioaccumulations by plankton represent a crucial process of Hg transfer from water to aquatic food chain. However, the current understanding of major factors affecting Hg accumulation by plankton is inadequate. In this study, a data set of 89 aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including inland water, nearshore water and open sea, was established. Key factors influencing plankton Hg bioaccumulation (i.e., plankton species, cell sizes and biomasses) were discussed. The results indicated that total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in plankton in inland waters were significantly higher than those in nearshore waters and open seas. Bioaccumulation factors for the logarithm of THg and MeHg of phytoplankton were 2.4–6.0 and 2.6–6.7 L/kg, respectively, in all aquatic ecosystems. They could be further biomagnified by a factor of 2.1–15.1 and 5.3–28.2 from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Higher MeHg concentrations were observed with the increases of cell size for both phyto- and zooplankton. A contrasting trend was observed between the plankton biomasses and BAF_MeHg, with a positive relationship for zooplankton and a negative relationship for phytoplankton. Plankton physiologic traits impose constraints on the rates of nutrients and contaminants obtaining process from water. Nowadays, many aquatic ecosystems are facing rapid shifts in nutrient compositions. We suggested that these potential influences on the growth and composition of plankton should be incorporated in future aquatic Hg modeling and ecological risk assessments.     

Streambank Soil and Phosphorus Losses Under Different Riparian Land‐Uses in Iowa1

Abstract: Phosphorus and sediment are major nonpoint source pollutants that degrade water quality. Streambank erosion can contribute a significant percentage of the phosphorus and sediment load in streams. Riparian land‐uses can heavily influence streambank erosion. The objective of this study was to compare streambank erosion along reaches of row‐cropped fields, continuous, rotational and intensive rotational grazed pastures, pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream, grass filters and riparian forest buffers, in three physiographic regions of Iowa. Streambank erosion was measured by surveying the extent of severely eroding banks within each riparian land‐use reach and randomly establishing pin plots on subsets of those eroding banks. Based on these measurements, streambank erosion rate, erosion activity, maximum pin plot erosion rate, percentage of streambank length with severely eroding banks, and soil and phosphorus losses per unit length of stream reach were compared among the riparian land‐uses. Riparian forest buffers had the lowest streambank erosion rate (15‐46 mm/year) and contributed the least soil (5‐18 tonne/km/year) and phosphorus (2‐6 kg/km/year) to stream channels. Riparian forest buffers were followed by grass filters (erosion rates 41‐106 mm/year, soil losses 22‐47 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 9‐14 kg/km/year) and pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream (erosion rates 22‐58 mm/year, soil losses 6‐61 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 3‐34 kg/km/year). The streambank erosion rates for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 101‐171, 104‐122, and 94‐170 mm/year, respectively. The soil losses for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 197‐264, 94‐266, and 124‐153 tonne/km/year, respectively, while the phosphorus losses were 71‐123, 37‐122, and 66 kg/km/year, respectively. The only significant differences for these pasture practices were found among the percentage of severely eroding bank lengths with intensive rotational grazed pastures having the least compared to the continuous and rotational grazed pastures. Row‐cropped fields had the highest streambank erosion rates (239 mm/year) and soil losses (304 tonne/km/year) and very high phosphorus losses (108 kg/km/year).     

苯甲酰苯胺类化合物溶解度和分配系数的测定及定量结构—性质相关研究

本文采用摇瓶法测定了１４各甲酰苯胺类化合物的溶解度及正辛醇／水分配系数,二者之间具有较好的相关性,应用线性溶剂化相关方法获得的相关方程,能更好地预测测苯甲酰苯胺类化合物的的水溶解度和正辛醇／水分配系数。     

Cracking the Achilles’ heel of energy performance contracting projects: the credit risk identification method for clients

ABSTRACT

A credit risk identification model is established to examine the credit status of Energy performance contracting (EPC) project clients (i.e., energy-using companies) in China based on rough set theory. The model is verified with data from 120 listed companies at different times. Study shows that lack of credit is one of the main obstacles to the implementation of EPC projects, and information asymmetry is the main reason for this lack of credit among potential clients in China. The credit risk identification method based on rough set theory can make up for the shortcomings of existing EPC projects in terms of credit risk identification, including redundant information and indicators, and unclear decision rules. Credit risk identification indicators of clients are dynamic. The research results can help energy service companies (ESCOs) determine the credit status of clients, facilitate cooperation between ESCOs and clients, and help explain the various dynamics of clients’ credit risk identification indicators over time.     

基于可变模糊集理论的海岛可持续发展评价模型——以辽宁省长海县为例

海岛生态环境脆弱,保护海岛及其周边海域生态系统,合理开发利用海岛自然资源,促进海岛经济社会可持续发展是我国海岛保护法的根本宗旨。论文试图借鉴陆域可持续发展指标体系的思路,结合海岛的自然环境与社会经济特殊性,从生存支持、生态环境、经济发展、社会与智力支持四个层面选取指标,并将熵权法和非结构性决策模糊集理论模型相结合确定海岛可持续发展评价指标的权重,构建海岛可持续发展的指标体系;进一步引入可变模糊评价方法,建立基于可变模糊集理论的海岛可持续发展综合评价模型,对辽宁省长海县2001-2011年可持续发展的状况进行评价验证,识别影响长海县可持续发展能力的关键因素、存在的问题与限制性因子,为提高海岛经济社会可持续发展水平提供科学的分析数据。     

利用多元线性回归方法评估气象条件和控制措施对APEC期间北京空气质量的影响

气象条件对大气污染物的扩散和传输有重要影响,准确分离和定量气象因素对空气质量的影响是评估大气污染控制政策有效性的前提.本研究利用APEC会议期间及前后(2014-10-15～2014-11-30)北京城区朝阳观测站点SO_2、NO、NO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_1和PM_(10)以及气象因素的观测数据,采用多元线性回归分析方法,定量评估了气象条件和空气污染控制措施对APEC期间北京空气质量的影响.在假定排放条件不变的情况下,基于气象因素参数建立的预测污染物浓度的多元线性回归模型模拟效果较为理想,决定系数R~2在0. 494～0. 783之间.控制措施使得APEC控制期SO_2、NO、NO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_1和PM_(10)浓度分别降低48. 3%、53. 5%、18. 7%、40. 6%、3. 6%、34. 8%、28. 8%和40. 6%,气象因素使得APEC控制期SO_2、NO、NO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_1和PM_(10)浓度分别降低1. 7%、-2. 8%、18. 7%、4. 5%、18. 6%、27. 5%、30. 6%和35. 6%.气象因素和控制措施共同作用使得APEC控制期北京空气质量得到了明显改善.控制措施对SO_2和氮氧化物浓度的下降起主导作用,气象因素对CO浓度的下降起主导作用,气象因素和控制措施对颗粒物浓度降低的贡献相当.本研究还利用相对权重方法研究了气象因素对污染物浓度影响的贡献,结果表明影响不同污染物浓度的决定性气象因素不同.     

基于粗糙集理论的路段交通事故多发点成因分析

交通事故多为多种原因综合造成且具有不确定性。判别各因素对于引发交通事故的影响程度存在困难,因此,需要引入不确定性分析方法。基于粗糙集理论具有处理不精确、不确定与不完全数据的优势,是一种先进的并处于不断发展的不确定性分析和推理方法。笔者提出路段上交通事故成因分析的模型和方法。具体做法是,根据该路段事故多发点的统计数据建立基于粗糙集理论的决策表,再利用粗糙集模型的简约算法求出各个因素的重要性,从而判断各因素对交通事故的影响程度大小,为决策提供依据。以算例说明模型和方法的可用性。     

基于奖励与惩罚相结合检验理念的电梯维保单位的选择--电梯安全管理有关问题思考

本文讨论了通过建立奖励与惩罚相结合的检验理念,采取全面检验与重点检验相结合的检验方式,使选择优质维保单位的电梯使用单位可支付更少的电梯检验费,而选择劣质维保单位的电梯使用单位则须支付更多的电梯检验费,从而促使电梯使用单位自觉选择优质维保单位.希望通过这种方式能够呈现择优汰劣的电梯维保市场,保证电梯的维保质量和安全质量.     

横向流中曝气气泡生成动力学及模拟研究

采用水平集方法和变物性的单一流体运动方程,结合显式时间步进的ICE数值算法,三维模拟了推流式曝气池内气泡的生成过程.重点研究了横向水流对曝气气泡生成动力学的影响.模拟的气泡形状演变过程与国外学者的可视化实验符合较好.模拟结果显示,与在静止水流中气泡的生成相比,曝气池内水横向流动对气泡的生成过程有重要的影响.由于受到水流施加的横向曳力作用,气泡逐渐倾斜向下游生长;气泡生成的时间明显缩短;生成气泡的体积也显著地减小.     

线性工程切割耕地的权属调整方法及系统实现——以保阜高速顺平段沿线土地整治项目为例

论文以高速公路切割的耕地地块为研究对象,根据权属调整的不同方向,将权属调整分为所有权置换和使用权流转两种类型,并将权属调整的方法分为面积法和价值法;在GIS服务软件SuperMap iServer支持下,建立了一个交互式权属调整应用系统,以保阜高速顺平段沿线的高于铺镇、腰山镇土地整治项目区中的切割耕地为案例,应用系统生成了项目区高速公路沿线切割耕地的权属调整方案。研究结果表明,线性工程切割耕地需进行权属调整以保障农业生产,研究采用的权属调整方法符合当地实际情况,利用权属调整系统可以自动生成推荐权属调整方案,并可以根据用户需求进行调整,同时系统可以对权属调整相关数据进行动态管理。