快速城市化对农村环境整治的影响和挑战研究

近年来中国农村环境整治力度不断加大,也面临着诸多挑战.其中影响最大的是中国当前的快速城市化进程.人口和其他资源要素在城乡的大规模快速迁移,对农村的社会经济造成了巨大的冲击,导致农村环境整治面临综合成本高、人力资本匮乏和社会资本涣散等诸多难题.为此,简单将城市环境治理的思路延续到农村地区,即以重工程技术轻治理机制、多部门投入缺乏有机整合以及政府包揽过多等为主要特征,很难真正发挥作用.需要站在城乡统筹发展的高度,农村环境整治与经济发展、社区振兴三位一体、系统推进.     

Conserving Connectivity: Some Lessons from Mountain Lions in Southern California

Abstract: Habitat corridors can be essential for persistence of wildlife populations in fragmented landscapes. Although much research has focused on identifying species and places critical for conservation action, the conservation literature contains surprisingly few examples of corridors that actually have been protected and so provides little guidance for moving from planning through implementation. We examined a case study from southern California that combines monitoring of radio‐collared mountain lions (Puma concolor) with an assessment of land‐protection efforts to illustrate lessons learned while attempting to maintain ecological connectivity in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. As in many places, conservation scientists have provided science‐based maps of where conservation efforts should focus. But implementing corridors is a business decision based not solely on ecological information but also on cost, opportunity cost, investment risk, and other feasibility considerations. Here, the type and pattern of development is such that key connections will be lost unless they are explicitly protected. Keeping pace with conversion, however, has been difficult, especially because conservation efforts have been limited to traditional parcel‐by‐parcel land‐protection techniques. The challenges of and trade‐offs in implementation make it clear that in southern California, connectivity cannot be bought one parcel at a time. Effective land‐use plans and policies that incorporate conservation principles, such as California's Natural Communities Conservation Planning program, are needed to support the retention of landscape permeability. Lessons from this study have broad application, especially as a precautionary tale for places where such extensive and intensive development has not yet occurred. Given how limiting resources are for biodiversity conservation, conservationists must be disciplined about where and how they attempt corridor protection: in rapidly fragmenting landscapes, the opportunity for success can be surprisingly fleeting.     

Use of Large‐Scale Acoustic Monitoring to Assess Anthropogenic Pressures on Orthoptera Communities

Biodiversity monitoring at large spatial and temporal scales is greatly needed in the context of global changes. Although insects are a species‐rich group and are important for ecosystem functioning, they have been largely neglected in conservation studies and policies, mainly due to technical and methodological constraints. Sound detection, a nondestructive method, is easily applied within a citizen‐science framework and could be an interesting solution for insect monitoring. However, it has not yet been tested at a large scale. We assessed the value of a citizen‐science program in which Orthoptera species (Tettigoniidae) were monitored acoustically along roads. We used Bayesian model‐averaging analyses to test whether we could detect widely known patterns of anthropogenic effects on insects, such as the negative effects of urbanization or intensive agriculture on Orthoptera populations and communities. We also examined site‐abundance correlations between years and estimated the biases in species detection to evaluate and improve the protocol. Urbanization and intensive agricultural landscapes negatively affected Orthoptera species richness, diversity, and abundance. This finding is consistent with results of previous studies of Orthoptera, vertebrates, carabids, and butterflies. The average mass of communities decreased as urbanization increased. The dispersal ability of communities increased as the percentage of agricultural land and, to a lesser extent, urban area increased. Despite changes in abundances over time, we found significant correlations between yearly abundances. We identified biases linked to the protocol (e.g., car speed or temperature) that can be accounted for ease in analyses. We argue that acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera along roads offers several advantages for assessing Orthoptera biodiversity at large spatial and temporal extents, particularly in a citizen science framework. El Uso de Monitoreos Acústicos a Gran Escala para Estudiar las Presiones Antropogénicas sobre Comunidades de Orthoptera     

Occupational Safety and Health Status of Sanitation Workers in Urban Areas: A Pilot Study From Wuhan,China

Sanitation workers ‘ workload increases quickly with rapid urbanization, but there is almost no evidence or policy recommendations for their management in developing countries. This study describes the health status and occupational protection of sanitation workers; it also explores risk factors related to their health status in Wuhan City, China. Three hundred and eighty-five sanitation workers from 54 streets of Wuhan were surveyed. Their prevalence of 2-week illness and arthritis was relatively higher than in the general population in China. Findings related to occupational protection showed that both sanitation workers (users) and their managers (providers) neglected the role of low-cost protection measures, especially masks, soap/hand sani-tizer and prejob training (use rate of 7.27%, 26.75% and 43.64%, respectively). High-intensity workload was an important risk factor for 2-week illness, and prejob training was an important protective factor against arthritis.     

固体废物对城市生态环境的影响研究

针对在推进城市化中发挥生态环境优势的探讨,文中介绍了中国固体废物的现状,包括固体废弃物的定义及分类和固体废弃物的危害特性,探讨了新型城市废弃物的产生和发展趋势,探讨了在中国城市废弃物对大气和水体的污染,最后提出了中国新型城市化建设与保护生态环境的建议,要积极加快固体废弃物资源化处理、要积极加快气体、液体有害物收集及回用、要积极重视建筑节能与新能源开发利用和要积极利用城市废弃物,使城市生活废弃物得到有效利用。     

中国新型城镇化发展的“C 模式”研究

研究了以美国为首的发达国家城镇化的发展历程,称为“A模式”,主要特征为城市低密度蔓延、全民机动化、资源大量消耗、一次性产品泛滥、过度消费等,总结经验教训,对比中国特色城镇化的发展历程,称为“ B模式”,主要特点是起步晚、水平较低、速度快,从资源与环境的角度分析了中国城镇化发展状况以及面临的形势,指出中国继续以“B模式”的城镇化发展将不可持续,不再适应中国建设“新型城镇化”的发展目标和日益提高的环保要求,探索实现中国“新型城镇化”的发展目标的“C模式”,即是坚持以节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为原则,走以新型工业化和农业现代化推动下的新型城镇化道路。     

中国城镇化进程的工业污染与规制效应分析研究

利用2001年-2012年中国30个省级地区的面板数据,分别估计了城镇化的工业污染总量效应、相对量效应和规制效应.结果发现,不断扩张的工业污染是城镇化进程的“副产品”,城镇化率与工业污染排放总量及密度有显著的回归关系,尽管环境规制力度增强起到了一定抵消作用,但仍未阻止近十余年来工业污染排放总量及密度随城镇化而加剧的态势.为实现城镇化绿色循环低碳发展,中国一方面应继续加强环境规制,推广减排降耗技术,加大政府补贴,另一方面要着重提高企业清洁生产的能力和意愿.     

江苏省城市化与生态环境的耦合规律分析

对江苏省城市化与生态环境耦合规律的研究显示：①江苏省各个环境压力要素和城市化耦合的规律与特征相差很大．其影响的主要原因也不完全相同。不仅量现出“U”型、倒“U”或“N”型靓律。还表现出阶段性特征,所以实际中的耦合规律曲线就更为复杂。不再是简单“U”或饲“U”型。而是它们的复合;②只有广义技术进步的速度达到或超过经济总量增长速度时。城市化与环境压力要素耦合的倒“U”型曲线才可能形成。所以工业技术进步、产业结构转换和不同环境政策以及经济增长的压力等可以解释这些规律形成的内在机制。     

我国城市化过程中水土资源利用问题的认识——以长江下游地区若干城市地区为例

改革开放以来,我国城市化过程出现快速发展时期,特别是长江下游地区(长江三角洲及其周边地区),由于人口与产业不断集聚,重大基础设施项目投资加大,道路网密度增加,开发区扩大,使得城市空间迭加扩展,造成了严重的水土资源利用失衡,生态环境日趋恶化,使本地区城市发展出现了许多新问题.以长江下游地区为例,对本区城市化过程中有关水土资源环境恶化、水污染增加、土地资源流失,以及城镇化速度过快的情况,作了深入分析论证,同时对长江下游地区水土资源合理开发利用与保护提出了新的思维、新的方法措施,特别是对如何加强长三角地区水质环境的整治提出了4点切实可行的办法与措施,为本地区的经济发展与生态安全提供科学依据.     

工业化、城市化对耕地数量变化影响差异分析

工业化、城市化进程对耕地资源数量变化产生了重要影响，但工业化、城市化对耕地资源数量的影响机制存在差异。以1990~2005年江苏省数据为基础，通过建立向量自回归模型，运用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法，分析了工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率影响的差异。结果表明，耕地数量变动率、工业化水平和城市化水平均呈非平稳变动趋势，但工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率的作用方向不同，工业化对耕地数量变动率产生负效应，城市化则产生正效应。同时，城市化对耕地数量变化的影响大于工业化带来的影响，并且城市化的影响比工业化的影响更为持久。这意味着，〖JP2〗江苏省工业化和城市化快速增长时期，城市化是耕地数量变化的首要原因。因此，在当前江苏省工业化与城市化非平衡发展的情况下，合理控制城市化进程，提高城市化质量，对于耕地保护具有积极意义。〖