API standard 521 guidance on mixing of hot/cold liquids and prevention of superheat limit explosions

American Petroleum Institute (API) standards and recommended practices have identified inadvertent mixing of hot and cold liquids as a potential cause for equipment overpressure since 1955. The limited guidance has been informative but provides minimal if any details on conditions that could cause an overpressure and its potential severity. Therefore, the user must interpret how and when to prevent and/or mitigate the scenario. This guidance has changed little over the years. In June 2020, API published the 7th Edition of API Standard 521 which now provides specific guidance as to conditions whereby pressure relief devices can be considered for protection and conditions where prevention remains as the only recourse. This paper discusses the basis for the revised guidance in API Standard 521 and includes supplemental guidance.     

寻找人类活动影响南明河的水化学指纹:Ⅰ.空间变化

城镇化和城市化通常是在河流流域内向前推进的,这导致人类活动对河流的污染越来越严重。防治这类河流污染的主要措施是截污沟修建以实现污水、雨水分离。那么截污沟修建后的效能如何?截污沟修建后中心城区水质如何变化?是否真的好转?为了回答这个问题,我们于2008年10月、2009年1月、4月、7月对贵阳市南明河主城区河段的8个断面进行了4次采样,获得了水温(T)、pH、电导(EC)、溶解氧(DO)、主要阳离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)和主要阴离子(Cl-、NO3-、SO24-、HCO3-)含量的空间变化情况。相对于城区边缘,主城区河段主要离子含量和电导显著性升高,这种升高不是支流汇入的结果,而是人类活动导致。这说明了3种可能性:截污沟收集废水的不完全性、截污沟渗漏的可能性和非点源污染源存在的可能性。水化学分析提供了简单易行的评估截污沟效能的方法。     

寻找人类活动影响南明河的水化学指纹:Ⅱ.旬际变化

为进一步了解南明河截污沟修建后主城区水化学组成的变化情况,提取人类活动影响南明河的水化学指纹,我们于2008年10月20日至2009年10月20日以10天为间隔或5天为间隔(7月)对南明河主城区进口(四方河)和出口(团坡桥)进行了短时间尺度取样,确证了第一部分所获得的空间变化趋势。出口处Na+、Cl-、NO3-、SO24-分别升高53%、65%、52%和47%;其它离子如K+、Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO3-只是轻微升高,pH温和下降。出口处离子浓度变化趋势继承了入口处离子浓度趋势,但叠加了城区人类活动的明显印记。Na+浓度在6～7月间的显著峰值最有可能起源于2009年为防止禽流感爆发蔓延而广泛使用的次氯酸钠消毒剂,Na+和Cl-具有显著正相关关系可以证明这一推断。另外一个证据是Na+和NO3-较好的反相关关系,说明消毒剂对氨化细菌和硝化细菌具有负面效应,抑制了NO3-的产量。高硫煤的使用则是城区河段高SO24-含量的主要原因。结合离子浓度的均值、变化范围和标准偏差,我们认为Na+、Cl-、NO3-、SO24-可以作为指示城区人类活动影响南明河的水化学指纹。     

Urbanization in Western China

China has experienced considerable urbanization in the past 60 years,especially since the implementation of the Economic Reform and Opening-up Policy in 1978.In 1949,there were only 132 cities with an urban population of 27.4 million,while in 2008 China had 652 cities with a total urban population of 606 million.Such urbanization is attributed to the boost in the number of cities and the urban population.Urban expansion enhanced geographic inequality between the three major regions in China.Compared with the eastern and central regions,western China only has 19%of the total cities and 18%of the urban population.The urbanization rate was 37.2%for the western region in 2008,while it reached 53.3%for the eastern regions and 45.3%for central China.Using a geographic information system(GIS)and statistical analyses,this study aims at explaining the structure and spatial development of urbanization,and highlighting the current issues of urban inequality in western China during the past two decades.The paper drew following conclusions:(1)Urbanization disparities between eastern and western China have become increasingly obvious,but seem to be evolving slowly since the establishment of the government’s Western Development Priority Policy in 2000.(2)Cities of various sizes were expanded in western China,and the main factors affecting the urbanization are population numbers and density,government investment and geographic conditions.(3)Current patterns of urbanization in the western region are distributed unevenly between provinces.     

The Fuzzy Synthesizing Evaluation of City's Environmental Quality Based on GIOWA Operator: A Case of 13 Cities of Jiangsu Province

Abstract

In this paper, the generally induced ordered weighted averaging (GIOWA) operator is used to construct the fuzzy evaluating system of the quality of a city's environment including air, water and noise. Based on the part data of air, water and noise of the 13 cities under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu provincial government in 2002, a case study is given. The evaluating results show that the evaluating system of the quality of a city's environment based on the GIOWA operator can reflect the condition of pollution controlled and environmental quality of a city in a period of time.     

中国84个主要城市大气热岛效应的时空变化特征及影响因子

日益加剧的城市化致使我国城市热岛效应日趋严重,进而严重影响区域环境和人类健康.目前有关我国城市热岛效应的研究多基于卫星遥感获取的辐射温度,有关大气热岛效应时空变化格局的认识相对薄弱.本文选取84个代表性城市,基于1960~2017年逐日气温观测数据,分析了我国大气城市热岛的地理分布特征及其昼夜、年内和年际变化趋势.结果表明,所有城市平均热岛强度为（0.9±1.1）℃,不同地区热岛强度差异明显,北部地区明显高于南部地区,华北地区最大,年均强度达（1.4±1.4）℃;不同时间和季节热岛强度差异大,尤其东北和西北地区,整体表现为夜晚[（1.2±1.1）℃]明显高于白天[（0.5±1.2）℃],白天夏季高于冬季,夜晚冬季高于夏季;从年际变化来看,大部分城市年平均热岛强度呈明显增加态势,平均增长速率达到0.040℃·（10 a）^-1,但在2009年后出现明显减弱趋势;通过分析热岛强度与局地气候和不透水面的关系,结果发现大气热岛强度空间分布受气候背景和气象站点位置影响较大,而长期变化受不透水面比例影响较大.本研究将深化对我国大气热岛效应变化规律的认识,为制定缓解高温热浪的城市土地利用策略提供参考.     

基于城镇化进程表层土壤多环芳烃来源解析及风险评价

为研究城镇化进程对土壤PAHs残留状况、来源以及健康风险的影响,采集辽宁地区95个表层土壤样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析21种PAHs含量.结果表明研究区域中,背景点、沈抚新城、沈阳以及抚顺内Σ21PAHs总含量分别为1 496.76、3 000.50、8 705.11以及8 178.90μg·kg-1,即城镇化程度与PAHs含量呈正相关关系.利用分子比值法与PMF模型进行来源分析,结果表明研究区域表层土壤PAHs来源主要为煤燃烧源与交通源(石油燃烧),其中4个区域的主要来源依次为石化燃烧源41.0%、煤柴等生物质燃烧源64.4%、交通源67.5%以及交通源62.0%,即随着城镇化进程推进,人为源(主要是交通源)逐渐成为环境中PAHs的主要贡献者.健康风险评价表明,通过土壤误食与皮肤接触途径暴露致癌风险水平较高,城市土壤PAHs存在较高的健康风险,且儿童与青少年受到的健康风险较大,需要引起注意.     

重庆市城镇化发展地区差异与模式选择

城镇化是一个国家或地区现代化水平的重要标志，也是提高人民生活水平、加快经济发展的重大战略举措。近年来重庆市的城镇化进程明显加快，成效显著，促进了重庆社会经济的发展，但是在加快城镇化进程中也存在诸多问题，成为制约重庆社会经济发展的瓶颈。通过对国内外城镇化发展模式理论的研究，分析了重庆市城镇化发展现有模式及其地区间的差异，为今后重庆市城镇化发展模式提出一些新思路。     

长三角知识创新能力与城市化、工业化进程的协调关系研究

通过构建知识创新能力与城市化、工业化进程的评价指标体系,对长三角地区2000-2011年25个地级以上城市的知识创新能力指数及城市化与工业化进程系数进行测算,并利用协调度模型综合分析评价了知识创新能力与城市化、工业化进程的协调关系.结果显示：①知识创新能力与城市化整体协调度优于其与工业化的协调度;②知识创新能力与城市化协调度逐步磨合到相对理想状态;③知识创新能力与工业化协调度呈现出先上升后下降又上升的较大波动性.     

Flow,Organic, and Inorganic Sediment Yields from a Channelized Watershed in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain

Many small streams in coastal watersheds in the southeastern United States are modified for agricultural, residential, and commercial development. In the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain, low‐relief topography and a shallow water table make stream channelization ubiquitous. To quantify the impacts of urbanization and stream channelization, we measured flow and sediment from an urbanizing watershed and a small forested watershed. Flow and sediment export rates were used to infer specific yields from forested and nonforested regions of the urbanizing watershed. Study objectives were to: (1) quantify the range of runoff‐to‐rainfall ratios; (2) quantify the range of specific sediment yields; (3) characterize the quantity and quality of particulate matter exported; and (4) estimate sediment yield attributable to agriculture, development, and channelization activities in the urbanizing watershed. Our results showed that the urban watershed exported over five times more sediment per unit area compared with the forested watershed. Sediment concentration was related to flow flashiness in the urban watershed and to flow magnitude in the forested watershed. Sediments from the forested watershed were dominated by organic matter, whereas mineral matter dominated sediment from the urban stream. Our results indicated that a significant shift in sediment quality and quantity are likely to occur as forested watersheds are transformed by urbanization in coastal South Carolina.