Roleofscienceandtechnologyinenvironmentally sound urbanization in China

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模具CAD/CAM/CAE的发展趋势

此文论述了我国模具CAD/CAM/CAE的现状及存在的问题,今后发展趋势和应采取的技术对策.     

Landscape fragmentation by urbanization in the Netherlands:optionsand ecological consequences

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The role of science and technology in environmentally sound urbanization in China

In the process of accelerating industrialization,urbanization is inevitable and important to China's modernization drive. While people are cherishing the advantages of living in cities, the increasing negative impact of urbanization has to be put on the top of priority list. As urbanization proceeds, the existing pollution problem aggravates with not only increasing quantity of pollutants, but diversity as well. Science and technology have been contributing to urbanization process in both positive and negative ways. Nonetheless, the role of science an technology in promoting sustainable urbanization is increasingly important. China has been conducting environmental research and development since the early 1970's, and now is capable of supplying most technologies needed for urban environmental protection. To keep pace with the rapid urbanization process in China,environmental research and technology development should bestrengthened. This is mostly dependent on domestic resources withintroduction of advanced yet cost-effective technologies from therest of the world. With a survey of current urban environmental R & D in China and on-going activities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), recommendations on future UCL(University College London)-CAS collaboration in the domain of urban environment aremade.     

Improved direct molecular diagnosis and rapid fetal sexing

Adaptations of the techniques of modern molecular biology to prenatal diagnosis has opened new avenues for the detection of genetic diseases. We have taken advantage of the rapid adhesion of colony forming cells in cultured amniotic fluid samples to develop an improved method for molecular diagnosis. By employing the cell adherence regime sickle cell diagnosis using Mst II can be undertaken directly. In addition, hybridization with a cloned repetitive sequence that is of Y origin and has limited autosomal homology permits rapid fetal sexing in 3 to 4 days without compromising conventional cytogenetic or biochemical analysis. This combination of techniques provides a useful adjunct to convential prenatal genetic diagnosis in the second trimester.     

Abnormal pregnancy sonogram and chromosomal anomalies: Four years' experience with rapid karyotyping

Over a four-year period, 140 pregnancies with different malformations detected by ultrasound were examined cytogenetically. Gestational age ranged from 13 to 36 weeks. Twenty-six fetuses (18.6 per cent) had abnormal karyotypes, including trisomies, triploidy, monosomy X, and structural anomalies. Similar malformations were found in fetuses with different chromosomal anomalies, indicating that the types of malformations are not specific for particular chromosomal anomalies. Chromosomal analysis was performed on amniotic fluid culture and by direct karyotyping of placental biopsies. Direct karyotyping is suggested to be the most rapid approach, especially if sonographic anomalies are detected close to the 24th week of gestation, shortly before delivery, and in cases of significant oligohydramnios.     

苏锡常地区城市化进程中的环境地质问题

本文在前几年地质大调查和地质专项研究成果的基础上，总结了长江三角洲苏锡常地区城市化进程中出现的环境地质问题及其危害性。主要表现在：水土污染、区域地下水位下降、地面沉降、软土变形与地基失稳等方面。     

区域耕地数量变化与工业化、城市化进程相互关系探讨——以江苏省为例

通过对江苏省1996～2004年耕地数量的总体变化与空间差异分析,揭示了全省耕地在总体上处于递减状态、在空间上苏北地区向苏南地区耕地递减程度逐渐增加的规律。从处于不同工业化与城市化阶段的城市及其各自耕地变化状况的对比分析,得出如下结论：耕地变化程度在处于不同工业化、城市化发展阶段的县市具有明显的差异,且与工业化、城市化的进程与状态具有一定的内在关系;对产业非农化、城市化率与耕地变化的进一步分析表明：产业非农化、城市化递变系数与耕地递变速率具有一致性,耕地减少对工业化发展的贡献较大,但其持续减少状况与当前所处工业化阶段不太相符,而城市化率变化与耕地变化状况存在时间差异,说明城市化对耕地变化的影响有一定的滞后性。     

福建省敖江下游抗生素抗性基因分布特征

河流流域的下游往往是各种大小城镇聚集之处,快速城市化等人类活动导致了城市河流环境剧烈改变.抗生素抗性基因是一种新型污染物,城市河流中抗生素抗性基因的传播和富集可能对城市人口健康和城市生态安全造成潜在的危害.本研究采用高通量定量PCR技术,研究福建省连江县城区上游、城区下游和河流入海口这3个采样点的抗生素抗性基因污染情况和分布特征.结果表明:(1)敖江流域连江县城区下游河流抗生素抗性基因丰度达到了3.9×10~(10)copies·L~(-1),显著高于城区上游和河流入海口的丰度(P0.05);(2)城区下游检测出了129种抗生素抗性基因,显著高于城区上游检测出的79种,而河流入海口的抗性基因种类仍然高达118种,表明河流水体环境中抗生素抗性基因一旦出现,就很难自然消减;(3)城市河流环境是抗生素抗性基因的一个重要存储库.     

水资源管理“三条红线”约束下的城镇化水平阈值分析——以张掖市为例

水资源与城镇化的关系问题是水科学研究的热点,二者之间存在着复杂的交织关系。论文选取典型干旱区城市张掖市为研究对象,以最严格水资源管理制度为约束条件,基于水资源约束下的城镇化水平阈值计算思路,引入节水量和灰水足迹测算方法改进了传统水量水质双要素水资源承载力计算模型,并在此基础上统筹可供水量、可节水量及水功能区纳污能力构建了水资源管理“三条红线”约束下的城镇化水平阈值计算模型;通过分析张掖市城镇化水平与水资源开发利用的历史数据并进行情景模拟,对2020年和2030年张掖市城镇化水平阈值做出了预测。结果表明：1）在水资源开发利用红线约束下,到2030年张掖市可利用水资源量为23.02×10⁸ m³,与现状基本一致,且以当前的水资源开发利用水平,水量承载能力难以支撑政府未来规划中的城镇化进程与经济增长的用水需求;2）严格遵照用水效率控制红线中所规定的用水定额标准时,张掖市将有望改善水量承载能力不足问题,且到2030年时,水量承载城镇人口能力可达331.91×10⁴人,其中水量承载能力提升主要得益于农业部门节水;3）在水功能区限制纳污红线的约束下,2030年张掖市水质可承载能力上限为62.47×10⁴人,仅为规划城镇人口数量的78%,水质可承载能力对城镇化进程形成了强烈的约束作用,约束力主要来自于城镇区域氨氮排放;4）在水资源管理“三条红线”约束下,到2030年时张掖市城镇化水平阈值上限为48.05%。