不同土地利用类型的土壤中多环芳烃的纵向迁移特征

为研究城镇化过程中不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向迁移特征,在快速进行城镇化建设的沈阳东部地区选择了3种不同土地利用类型(城市用地、耕地及林地)的5个土壤剖面(0～1 m),分析了土壤剖面层中PAHs的残留特征,讨论了影响PAHs纵向分布和迁移的因素以及土壤PAHs的来源.结果表明,5个采样点土壤表层ΣPAHs的含量为:城市1号点513. 19～12 689. 04μg·kg~(-1)、旱田点36. 18～7 196. 10μg·kg~(-1)、水田点70. 92～747. 53μg·kg~(-1)、城市2号点19. 39～636. 47μg·kg~(-1)和林地点4. 79～349. 24μg·kg~(-1). PAHs在城市用地和林地中主要被截留在0～30 cm浅层土壤中,在耕地可以迁移至较深的土壤层;高环数PAHs在浅层土壤层中所占比例较大,深层土壤低环数占比较高;土壤有机质与PAHs分布呈显著正相关,PAHs的理化属性对其迁移能力有一定影响;源解析表明,研究区域的PAHs主要来源于工业活动和交通等燃烧,部分低环数PAHs来自于石油产品输入.     

杭州市城乡乔木物种的多样性

沿杭州市区至临安农村取1 km宽75 km长样带调查乔木物种多样性。调查结果表明市区本土树种保存较好,树种数量达到20余种,农村物种丰富度极低,树种数量仅有10种左右。从物种丰富度指数可以看出市区物种最为丰富,丰富度指数最高达4.343,郊区物种丰富度指数最低,为1.303,农村物种丰富度指数较郊区有所上升,但仍显著低...     

Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization with multi-agent systems—A case study of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA

Urbanization is a human-dominated process and has greatly impacted biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and regional climate. To understand the socioeconomic drivers of urbanization and project future urban landscape changes, multi-agent systems provide a powerful tool. We develop an agent-based model of urban growth for the Phoenix metropolitan region of the United States, which simulates the behavior of regional authorities, real estate developers, residents, and environmentalists. The BDI (Beliefs-Desires-Intentions) structure is employed to simulate the agents behavior and decision models. The heterogeneity of agents is reflected by adjusting parameters according to the agents’ beliefs, desires and preferences. Three scenarios, baseline, economic development priority and environmental protection, are developed and analyzed. The combination of multi-agent system and spatial regression model is employed to predict the future urban development of the Phoenix metropolitan region. Landscape metrics are used to compare the spatial patterns of the urban landscape resulting from different scenarios in different times. In general, with the rapid urban expansion, the shape of urban patches will become more regular as many of them become coalesced. The spatial analysis of urban development through modeling individual and group decisions and human-environment interactions with a multi-agent systems approach can enhance our understanding of the socioeconomic driving forces and mechanisms of urban development.     

中红外光谱法快速测定车内空气中多组分有机污染物

随着汽车进入家庭,车内空气质量越来越受到人们的重视,亟需建立一种车内空气中有机污染物的快速测定方法以满足日常监测需要。将中红外光谱技术与化学计量学方法相结合,建立了一种快速测定车内空气中苯系物的方法。以偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立分析预测模型,并对光谱预处理方法、主因子数进行了优化。最佳校正模型对苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度的校正均方差、预测均方差和交叉验证均方差分别为0.0089、0.0200和0.1115,0.0116、0.0011 和0.1398以及0.0137、0.0037和0.1390。研究表明,该方法具有较高的准确度和较好的适用性,用于测定车内空气中苯系物的浓度是可行的,并能大大提高车内空气质量监测的效率。     

A Sediment Budget for an Urbanizing Watershed, 1951‐1996, Montgomery County, Maryland,U.S.A.1

Abstract: Despite widespread interest, few sediment budgets are available to document patterns of erosion and sedimentation in developing watersheds. We assess the sediment budget for the Good Hope Tributary, a small watershed (4.05 km²) in Montgomery County, Maryland, from 1951‐1996. Lacking monitoring data spanning the period of interest, we rely on a variety of indirect and stratigraphic methods. Using regression equations relating sediment yield to construction, we estimated an upland sediment production of 5,700 m³ between 1951 and 1996. Regression equations indicate that channel cross‐sectional area is correlated with the extent of development; these relationships, when combined with historical land use data, suggest that upland sediment yield was augmented by 6,400 m³ produced by enlargement of first‐order and second‐order stream channels. We used dendrochronology to estimate that 4,000 m³ of sediment was stored on the floodplain from 1951‐1996. The sediment yield from the watershed, obtained by summing upstream contributions, totals 8,100 m³ of sediment, or 135 tons/km²/year. These results indicate that upland erosion, channel enlargement, and floodplain storage are all significant components of the sediment budget of our study area, and all three are approximately equal in magnitude. Erosion of “legacy” floodplain sediments originally deposited during poor agricultural practices of the 19th and early 20th Centuries has likely contributed between 0 and 20% of the total sediment yield, indicating that these remobilized deposits are not a dominant component of the sediment yield of our study area.     

城市化趋向与我国城市可持续发展的现实选择

城市化是人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史进程，表现为乡村人口向城市人口转化以及城市不断发展完善的过程。城市化有阶段性，集聚扩散性、不平衡性和与工业化的互动性等基本规律，表现为同步城市化、过度城市化和滞后城市化模式，呈现多元化、集群化、国际化、网络化、生态化和逆城市化趋势。根据这些基本理论和现实情况，作者提出了加快中国城市化，实现城市可持续发展的六项政策建议。     

城市化与城市人居环境关系的定量研究--以大连市为例

本文以大连市为例．通过一系列的实证资料。建立数学模型．对城市化进程与城市人居环境的相互关系进行了研究，发现大连城市化水平与城市人居环境之间有很大的一致性．城市化水平越商，城市人居环境越好，反之，城市化水平越低，人居环境越差；并提出了大连城市发展的思路。     

都市圈型城市化的风险识别及其防范

城市化问题是21世纪的热点问题。本文从都市圈型城市化的概念界定入手。指出了都市圈型城市化的理论依据及其在我国应用的局限性。分析在我国都市圈城市化的过程中可能存在的风险。并提出了相应的风险防范措施。以期对我国都市圈型城市化的顺利实施提供预警支撑。     

中、韩滨海城市化区域水体全氟化合物的空间特征及生态风险

本研究以全氟化合物（perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）为研究对象,选择人类活动强度大的中、韩滨海城市化地区为研究区域,采集了126份水体及125份沉积物样品,通过固相萃取和高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC/MS-MS）的方法,分析了水体及沉积物中的15种PFASs.结果表明,PFASs在水体和沉积物中全部检出,水体中PFASs总质量浓度范围为6.75~20982 ng·L^-1,沉积物中PFASs含量（以干重计）范围为0.229~53.8 ng·g^-1.区域对比发现,中国滨海城市化地区水体和沉积物中PFASs含量相对较高以长链PFOA为主,而韩国水体中则以短链PFBA和PFPeA为主,沉积物中以PFOS、PFBA和PFOA为主.PFASs在水体和沉积物中的分配系数与沉积物中有机碳的含量、PFASs碳链长度有密切关联,15种化合物中有9种化合物的分配系数与有机碳含量存在显著相关性（r>0.21,P<0.05）,随着碳链长度的增加分配系数也平稳增加.生态风险分析结果表明,中、韩滨海城市化地区水体和沉积物中PFASs含量整体较低,尚处于较低风险水平,但存在严重局部污染问题,应当重视其对人体造成的潜在健康风险.     

多源数据融合的市县国土空间规划人口城镇化模式——以扬州市为例

围绕“人、地、财”等新型城镇化三大核心问题,衍生出人口流动的社会、空间、经济属性,构建多源数据融合的人口城镇化概念模型。基于迁移流、位置识别和企业关联网络等方法,展开实证研究。结果表明：（1）区域层面：受落户门槛、家庭权益、社会保障等限制,人口流动比资本流动更为谨慎,也更遵从行政区经济和城镇等级体系。（2）市域层面：城镇化形式主要表现为城市和乡村的直接联系,重点镇辐射和吸纳作用不强。（3）新经济使后发地区弯道超车成为可能。研究发现此概念模型适用性较好,能够合理识别经济社会联系的主体格局,为城镇开发边界划定和国土空间格局优化起到一定的支撑作用,对市县国土空间规划的区域协调研究具有较强的参考价值。