城市化进程中的土地利用问题研究--以江苏省为例

改革开放以来,随着经济的发展,我国城市化进程不断加快,环境污染、交通拥挤、人地矛盾冲突加剧等问题随之产生。江苏省作为我国东部沿海经济最发达的省份之一,城市化提升速度高于全国平均水平,从1978年的13.7％上升到2002年的44.7％,产生的城市问题具有典型代表性。在对江苏省1978年以来城市化发展和城市建成区面积变化特征分析的基础上,进一步探寻城市用地中存在的问题及其成因。结果表明：随着城市化水平的提高,建成区面积不断扩展,2000年是1991年的1.5倍,人均建成区面积也不断上升,小城市上升幅度最大,为40 m2,特大城市最小,为17 m2,人均建成区面积从小城市到特大城市呈倒三角形分布,经济发展和用地配置机制及20世纪90年代以来兴起的开发区、城市新区建设是城市用地扩展的主要驱动因素。在城市用地中存在用地效率不高、土地供求矛盾尖锐等问题,应当加强土地管理,挖掘土地利用潜力,提高土地利用效率。     

“城-郊-乡”生态样带森林土壤重金属变化格局

沿纽约市“市区－郊区－农区”140km生态样带,对9个样地26个样方落叶阔叶林土壤的重金属含量进行了分析。重金属离子总量、重金属离子多样性等随着距市中心的距离的增加而降低,重要污染重金属离子Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr含量下降非常明显。森林土壤重金属离子格局与人口密度、城市土地利用率、机动车密度等关系十分密切     

Relationships between Human Disturbance and Wildlife Land Use in Urban Habitat Fragments

Abstract: Habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open‐space needs of human populations. Nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. Hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. We used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and information on human activity and environmental factors associated with anthropogenic disturbance in 12 habitat fragments across San Diego County, California, to examine the relationships among habitat fragment characteristics, human activity, and wildlife presence. There were no significant correlations of species presence and abundance with percent plant cover for all species or with different land‐use intensities for all species, except the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), which preferred areas with intensive development. Woodrats (Neotoma spp.) and cougars (Puma concolor) were associated significantly and positively and significantly and negatively, respectively, with the presence and prominence of utilities. Woodrats were also negatively associated with the presence of horses. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were associated significantly and negatively and significantly and positively, respectively, with plant bulk and permanence. Cougars and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were negatively associated with the presence of roads. Roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) were positively associated with litter. The only species that had no significant correlations with any of the environmental variables were black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Bobcat tracks were observed more often than gray foxes in the study area and bobcats correlated significantly only with water availability, contrasting with results from other studies. Our results appear to indicate that maintenance of habitat fragments in urban areas is of conservation benefit to some animal species, despite human activity and disturbance, as long as the fragments are large.     

UPLC-串联质谱法快速测定地表水中多种农药残留

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定地表水中21种氨基甲酸酯和有机磷农药,通过优化试验条件,使方法在0. 500μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0. 1μg/L～6. 2μg/L。对空白水样做3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,5次测定结果的RSD为0. 3%～9. 5%,回收率为82. 0%～113%。将该方法用于测定徐州某地表水样品,3个水样均为未检出。     

快速城镇化进程中农村生态治理

我国不断加快城镇化的步伐,但在这过程中,农村的生态污染越来越严重,但是往往政府主要将着眼点放在城镇生态环境的建设,对农村生态治理重视不足,因此本文对此展开研究,分析目前农村生态治理面临的形式,探讨生态治理中有哪些问题,并提出相应的解决对策。     

浅议气相色谱法测定有机污染物的质量保证

阐述了气相色谱法测定有机污染物质量保证方面需加以控制的一些问题。对测试结果的精密度和加标回收率等指标根据样吕的种类和测定项目的不同而定，建议尽快建立各种有机污染物的监测方法和适合我国国情的质量保证方法和控制指标。     

经济新常态下中国矿业供给侧改革发展战略研究

矿业是经济社会发展的基础产业。在当前中国经济进入新常态和矿业长期低迷的形势下,要合理推进矿业供给侧改革,必须理清经济增长、城镇化与矿产资源消费之间的长期关系,需要依次回答:是否存在长期关系,这些关系有什么作用特征,这些作用的变化趋势如何,不同矿产资源是否存在显著的区别,针对这些区别如何提出应对策略。基于上述问题的判断,本文选取9种矿产资源,利用多种方法进行了组合分析。应用脱钩指数刻画了1978—2015年中国经济增长与矿产资源消费的脱钩关系,发现呈现一种周期性的脱钩和复钩过程;选取经济增长、城镇化和任意一种矿产资源消费为变量,建立了VAR模型,揭示各变量间的因果关系,将显著的因果关系分为三种类型,包括循环因果链(三种变量之间存在显著的接替性循环变化的关系,包括煤炭、锌、原铝和钾盐等)、两两互为因果(某两种变量之间存在一种或两种显著的双向交替变化关系,包括原铝、锌、钾盐、石油、精炼铅、精炼镍等)和单向因果(某两种变量之间仅存在一种显著的先后变化关系,包括铁矿石、精炼铜、精炼镍)等;运用脉冲响应函数刻画了上述关系的长期变化趋势,发现矿产资源消费的长期效应的大小及其波动频率有显著差异,大多数矿产可以持续效应10年以上(如煤炭、石油、锌、原铝等消费变动对GDP变动的影响),少数响应仅在5—6年内显著(如铁矿石、钾盐、精炼铅等消费变动对GDP变动的影响),之后效应会逐渐消失。基于此,结合当前实际情况,提出了中国矿业供给侧改革发展战略选择,包括以去产能为抓手、提高资源效率、坚持底线思维、建立政府适当干预下的资源价格形成机制、促进矿业经济创新等政策建议。     

新型城镇化背景下失地农民福利变化研究

基于森的可行能力理论,从经济状况、居住条件、居住环境、社会保障及社会机会等方面构建失地农民福利评价指标体系。并进一步基于农地价值理论视角,将失地农民可获得的福利划分为经济福利、社会福利和生态福利3个部分。在此基础上利用江苏省苏州市、南通市及宿迁市540户农户调查数据对征地前后农民福利水平进行测度,以探索不同城镇化发展阶段土地征收对失地农民福利变化的影响。结果表明:(1)由于实行了"土地换社保"征地补偿方式,苏州市和南通市目前处于城镇化发展改革阶段,且前者在"人的城镇化"方面更为成熟;宿迁市采取一次性货币补偿方式,仍处于传统城镇化发展阶段。(2)苏州市和南通市失地农民福利水平呈上升趋势,总模糊指数分别从0.444、0.369上升到0.529、0.385;宿迁市样本农户福利水平则有所下降。(3)除苏州市外,南通市和宿迁市样本农户的经济福利均出现下降,下降幅度分别为36.1%、34.5%;三个地区失地农民社会福利均有所提升,且苏州市和南通市农户福利改善程度明显优于宿迁市;生态福利方面,除南通市外,苏州市和宿迁市均出现下降。(4)传统城镇化发展模式下,失地农民的福利水平明显受损,城镇化改革一定程度上缓解了农民福利受损,尤其是社会福利得到较大提升。加快新型城镇化建设,真正实现"土地城镇化"与"人口城镇化"同步发展,在提高征地补偿标准的同时,政府还需通过完善失地农民社会保障体系、加强就业指导培训、提供一定就业安置等途径实现征地补偿方式多元化,并加大对农村基础设施、配套设施、环境保护等的投入。     

Effects of Impervious Area and BMP Implementation and Design on Storm Runoff and Water Quality in Eight Small Watersheds

The effects of increases in effective impervious area (EIA) and the implementation of water quality protection designed detention pond best management practices (BMPs) on storm runoff and stormwater quality were assessed in Gwinnett County, Georgia, for the period 2001‐2008. Trends among eight small watersheds were compared, using a time trend study design. Significant trends were detected in three storm hydrologic metrics and in five water quality constituents that were adjusted for variability in storm characteristics and climate. Trends in EIA ranged from 0.10 to 1.35, and changes in EIA treated by BMPs ranged from 0.19 to 1.32; both expressed in units of percentage of drainage area per year. Trend relations indicated that for every 1% increase in watershed EIA, about 2.6, 1.1, and 1.5% increases in EIA treated by BMPs would be required to counteract the effects of EIA added to the watersheds on peak streamflow, stormwater yield, and storm streamflow runoff, respectively. Relations between trends in EIA, BMP implementation, and water quality were counterintuitive. This may be the result of (1) changes in constituent inputs in the watersheds, especially downstream of areas treated by BMPs; (2) BMPs may have increased the duration of stormflow that results in downstream channel erosion; and/or (3) spurious relationships between increases in EIA, BMP implementation, and constituent inputs with development rates.     

城市群土地集约利用与新型城镇化耦合协调分析——以我国三大城市群为例

城市群土地集约利用与城镇化耦合协调发展是土地管理学研究的核心问题,实现土地集约利用与城镇化水平的高度协调,对促进城市群的可持续发展意义重大。运用全局主成分分析法、变异系数法的综合确权法以提高指标权重精度,基于耦合度、协调度、相对发展度模型测算、分析与比较京津冀、长三角及珠三角城市群协调发展水平,借助空间自相关模型分析沿海三大城市群协调发展水平的空间集聚特征与规律。研究表明:京津冀城市群协调发展水平最高,其次为珠三角与长三角,城市群协调发展水平的优化程度表现为"京津冀珠三角长三角",城市群协调发展度的空间相关性强弱表现为"京津冀长三角珠三角",京津冀城市群各城市协调发展水平整体逐步趋向于中高度协调,长三角、珠三角趋于中低度协调;研究前期新型城镇化发展滞后是影响京津冀与长三角城市群协调发展水平的主要原因,研究中后期京津冀新型城镇化超前发展,长三角则逐步趋于土地集约与新型城镇化同步发展,珠三角城市群新型城镇化发展进程进步显著,但仍滞后于土地集约利用。