土地城市化背景下武汉市资源环境承载力仿真研究

运用Vensim软件,通过构建"土地城市化-资源环境承载力"系统动力学模型对不同情景下武汉市资源环境承载力的发展趋势进行仿真,为土地城市化背景下武汉市未来发展方向提供参考。结果显示,协调发展型是最适合武汉市的发展模式,而现状延续型、政绩驱动型和生态环保型情景下武汉市资源环境承载力到2020年均将面临超载压力。武汉市在适当加速推进土地城市化的同时应注重增加耕地面积、加强基础设施建设、降低资源消耗和污染排放,确保资源环境承载系统平稳运行。     

江苏城镇化发展质量时空差异分析及新型城镇化发展分类导引

通过城镇化发展水平和发展效率两方面构建城镇化发展质量评价指标体系;采用熵权法确定指标权重,加权求和法综合评价江苏省城镇化发展质量并分析其城镇化发展水平、发展效率、发展质量的时空差异;依据各地市城镇化发展的不足开展新型城镇化建设分类导引。研究结果表明:近16a来江苏城镇化发展水平、发展效率和发展质量均不断提高,苏州、无锡、南京一直处于领先水平,从各地市城镇化发展水平的提高程度来看,表现出明显的快慢差异,苏南地区作为城镇化发展速度最快的地区,城镇化发展水平迅速提高,苏中地区受区位影响紧跟其后,但是对比城镇化发展效率看,城镇化发展水平与发展效率呈现不同步、不协调问题;经济城镇化和社会城镇化的主导因素是影响城镇化发展水平提高的主要驱动因素,城乡一体化的主导因素是影响城镇化发展效率提高的主要驱动因素;针对性解决影响其城镇化发展质量的主要"短板"问题是未来新型城镇化建设的必然途径。     

Rise of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in temperate freshwater lakes: causes,correlations and possible countermeasures

The progressive degradation of surface freshwater quality due to the mass proliferation of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is of growing global concern. The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms is not a new phenomenon. However, a global increase in the frequency, duration, and distribution of toxic cyanobacterial blooms could be observed in the past decades. Evidence suggests that this trend might be attributed to a complex interplay of direct and indirect anthropogenic influences. The underlying causes and interrelations for this development have not been fully clarified. Nonetheless, all evidence points to the fact that mitigation of toxic cyanobacterial blooms will be a key challenge of the twenty-first century. This review addresses the underlying causes for the increased incidence of toxic cyanobacteria in temperate freshwater lakes and attempts to reveal possible reciprocities between bloom promoting factors. Selected approaches for the prevention of toxic cyanobacterial blooms as well as the mitigation of their potential negative impacts on humans will be presented.     

呼伦贝尔市城郊河岸带土壤与河流沉积物重金属污染现状分析

河岸带类型对河流环境重金属富集具有显著影响,合理规划河岸环境,可以减缓河流周围土地的重金属污染对河流生态系统的影响。随着内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市工矿业、农牧业和旅游业的快速发展,频繁的人类活动会增加对河流周边重金属污染潜在威胁。为揭示呼伦贝尔市河流域环境重金属污染的现状、分布特征以及不同的河岸带类型对河流沉积物重金属污染的影响,在该区域采集了34个河岸带表层土壤和河流表层沉积物样品,并测定了6种重金属（Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn）含量,采用污染负荷指数法（pollution load index,PLI）对重金属污染情况进行评价。结果显示：6种重金属的平均含量分别为背景值的2.08倍、1.55倍、0.80倍、1.61倍、0.82倍、1.00倍,总体PLI为1.19,属轻度污染;河岸带的重金属污染程度总体高于河流,但是河流的重金属污染变率更大,相比之下重金属含量的最高值多出现于河流中;不同河岸带类型的PLI呈工业型河岸最高（1.535）、自然型河岸次之（1.126）、城市绿化河岸最低（1.030）、工矿业活动是区域重金属污染的主要源头,城市绿化型河岸带与自然型河岸带具有一定的缓解重...     

城市化影响下北京市外来入侵植物特征及其分布

通过文献资料分析和实地调查相结合的方法,对北京市外来入侵植物的种类、生活型、起源地、引入途径和分布等特征进行了分析,结果表明:该地区共有48种外来入侵植物,隶属39属19科,其中菊科、禾本科、苋科和大戟科植物为优势科,占到了所有入侵植物总数的60.4%.除火炬树外,其余47种植物均为草本植物,以起源于美洲的居多(70.8%),多为伴随种子苗木运输无意引进.入侵植物分布受城市化水平和人口密度影响显著,城市功能扩展区分布有最多的入侵植物,就入侵种分布密度而言,城市功能拓展区和城市核心区均明显高于近郊区和远郊区.目前北京入侵植物主要分布于农田、绿地、花圃等半人工生态系统,尚处于可控范围之内,但北京的自然地理条件及城市化进程使其仍存在较高的入侵风险,在将来的防治工作中应采取更加严格的检疫措施.     

Effects of Urban Development on Ant Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Services and Management

Abstract:  Research that connects the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services is lacking. Ants perform multifarious ecological functions that stabilize ecosystems and contribute to a number of ecosystem services. We studied responses of ant communities to urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin by sampling sites along a gradient of urban land development. We sampled ant communities, measured vegetation characteristics, quantified human activities, and evaluated ant-community responses by grouping ants into service-providing units (SPUs), defined as a group of organisms and their populations that perform specific ecosystem services, to provide an understanding of urbanization impacts on biodiversity and their delivery of ecosystem services. Species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate levels of urban development, as did the richness of 3 types of ant SPUs (aerators, decomposers, and compilers). With increasing land development aerator and decomposer ants significantly declined in abundance, whereas compiler ants significantly increased in abundance. Competing models demonstrated that precipitation was frequently among the strongest influences on ant community structure; however, urban development and human activities also had a strong, negative influence on ants, appearing in most models with ΔAIC_c < 2 for species richness and abundance patterns of SPUs and generalists. Response diversity was observed within SPUs, which suggests that the corresponding ecosystem services were maintained until development reached 30–40%. Our data provide evidence that ecosystem functions, such as water infiltration and soil productivity, may be diminished at sites subject to greater levels of urbanization and that conserving ant communities and the ecosystem services they provide could be an important target in land-use planning and conservation efforts.     

Biodiversity Conservation in Local Planning

Abstract:  Local land-use policy is increasingly being recognized as fundamental to biodiversity conservation in the United States. Many planners and conservation scientists have called for broader use of planning and regulatory tools to support the conservation of biodiversity at local scales. Yet little is known about the pervasiveness of these practices. We conducted an on-line survey of county, municipal, and tribal planning directors (n = 116 ) in 3 geographic regions of the United States: metropolitan Seattle, Washington; metropolitan Des Moines, Iowa; and the Research Triangle, North Carolina. Our objectives were to gauge the extent to which local planning departments address biodiversity conservation and to identify factors that facilitate or hinder conservation actions in local planning. We found that biodiversity conservation was seldom a major consideration in these departments. Staff time was mainly devoted to development mandates and little time was spent on biodiversity conservation. Regulations requiring conservation actions that might benefit biodiversity were uncommon, with the exception of rules governing water quality in all 3 regions and the protection of threatened and endangered species in the Seattle region. Planning tools that could enhance habitat conservation were used infrequently. Collaboration across jurisdictions was widespread, but rarely focused on conservation. Departments with a conservation specialist on staff tended to be associated with higher levels of conservation actions. Jurisdictions in the Seattle region also reported higher levels of conservation action, largely driven by state and federal mandates. Increased funding was most frequently cited as a factor that would facilitate greater consideration of biodiversity in local planning. There are numerous opportunities for conservation biologists to play a role in improving conservation planning at local scales.     

城市及城市化的生态学过程及问题探讨

通过分析城市生态系统的特点,本文从生态学观点出发探讨了城市化过程对自然生态系统种群、结构和功能的影响,揭示了城市化过程实质上是一种从稳定的自然和半自然生态系统向不能自稳定的人工生态系统过渡的过程。     

城市化对长江下游沿江城市气温影响的对比研究——以安庆、芜湖、南京为例

利用线性趋势法与滑动平均法对比分析了安庆、芜湖及南京的年平均气温、年平均最高气温及年平均最低气温所表征的热岛效应强度变化趋势,基于主成分分析建立起热岛强度与城市发展指数的关系模型。结果表明:(1)城市规模的大小与年平均气温及年平均最低气温所表征的热岛强度变率的大小成反比关系,而中等城市的年平均最高气温所表征的热岛强度变率最大,小城市次之,大城市最小。(2)热岛强度与城市发展指数之间均以三次回归模型的拟合效果最好,中等城市的热岛强度与城市发展指数的拟合曲线符合库兹涅茨曲线特征,而小城市和大城市则并不完全符合。(3)经济水平、城市人口密度及能源消耗是安庆市热岛效应的主要影响因子;城镇人口比重、经济水平及城市生态条件是芜湖市热岛效应的主要影响因子;城市人口、经济水平、土地利用状况、能源消耗及城市的生态条件均是南京热岛效应的主要影响因子。     

基于内生经济增长理论的城市化进程中资源环境"尾效"分析

在经济和城市快速发展过程中,资源环境对经济增长和城市化进程的约束越来越凸显.本文正是基于这种背景,研究了有限资源环境对城市化进程的阻碍大小,即城市化进程中资源环境"尾效".首先通过内生增长理论构建资源环境对经济增长的"尾效"模型,再利用经济增长与城市化水平之间的半对数关系推导出城市化进程中资源环境"尾效"模型,然后以江西省为例对其城市化进程中的资源环境"尾效"进行实证分析.计量发现土地、能源、水资源和环境污染对江西省城市化进程的"尾效"大小分别为0.017 678 315,0.114 909 279,0.005 050 95和0.0214 665 3.可见,能源对城市化进程的阻尼作用是最为显著的,其次分别是环境污染、土地和水资源.显然,只有大力提高能源等资源的利用率,将生产方式转移到依靠技术进步上来,并且着力提高人们的节约和保护资源环境意识,江西省城市化才能走上可持续发展的道路.