城镇化对粮食生产环境技术效率影响研究

我国粮食生产在实现了"十一连增"之后正面临着城镇化所带来的资源约束和环境挑战,如何实现城镇化与粮食生产的协调发展,是我国当前需要高度关注的一个重大问题。本文以1994-2012年我国29个省(市、区)为研究对象,利用方向距离函数将环境因素纳入到粮食生产技术效率测算框架,对我国粮食生产环境技术效率值进行了测算,并对不同阶段各粮食生产功能区粮食生产环境技术效率的演变特征进行了分析,在此基础上将城镇化细分并设置了人口城镇化指标、土地城镇化指标、产业发展城镇化指标和生态环境压力城镇化指标,利用所构建面板数据模型探讨了城镇化对粮食生产环境技术效率的影响。研究结果表明:11994-2012年城镇化加速期,我国粮食主产区和主销区的粮食生产与环境的协调度要优于粮食平衡区,但是粮食主产区和主销区的粮食生产环境在逐步恶化,粮食平衡区则在逐步好转;2人口城镇化有利于粮食主销区和平衡区粮食生产环境技术效率提升,对粮食主产区则相反。土地城镇化、产业发展城镇化和生态环境压力城镇化不利于全国及各粮食生产功能区粮食生产环境技术效率的提升;3城镇化对粮食生产环境技术效率的影响存在功能区差异性。     

Urban economy or environmental policy? The case of Egypt

This paper shows how prevailing economic development paradigms over the last five decades have favoured an urban-based model of economic development at the expense of environmental considerations in developing countries. How the disjuncture between these competing agendas has been experienced in Egypt forms the focus of the paper. Tension between environmental and development/urbanization policies reflects their political encoding aimed at maintaining regime stability. The state has attempted to mediate between the domestic interests of an urban-based elite and the urban poor, international donor dominance of Egypt's economic and urban development strategies, and the country's limited institutional capacity to manage its developmental aspirations. In a policy configuration that buttresses macro-economic policy with urban development priorities, the unfettered role of market processes has produced vast but unregulated urban expansion with, now, increasingly severe environmental consequences. Despite attempts to reconcile the two agendas in the last decade, the paper concludes that the main issues endemic to the public policy domain in Egypt, and in many developing countries, remain: poor line ministry coordination, weak enforcement of environment law, resistance to participation, limited implementation capacity, conflicts between sectoral and cross-sectoral policy formulation, and dependency on external donors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

农村集中居住:发生机制、发展阶段及拆迁补偿——基于新桥镇的案例研究

集中居住往往被认为是在中国人地关系高度紧张的基本国情下既不影响粮食安全又能为工业化供给土地的一种有效途径,由此,集中居住工程便在农村地区大规模地展开。然而,随着社会主义新农村建设的提出,地方政府实施集中居住的动力机制已经发生了较大变化。为了进一步认识这些变化以及寻求解决集中居住过程中拆迁补偿困境的方法,本文基于江苏省丹阳市新桥镇的实地调查,研究了农村集中居住的发生机制、发展阶段以及拆迁补偿等问题。研究结果表明工业化是目前集中居住的主要动力,但并不是唯一动力,农村公共设施供给效率和公共建设项目的推进等因素开始成为集中居住的诱发和推动力量,并且其作用程度逐渐加强。伴随着集中居住的不断推进,集中居住的具体模式及特征也开始发生变化,主要包括:上级政府对集中居住干预力量加大;发生在工业扩张之前的集中居住所占比重越来越高;土地集约程度逐渐提升;集中居住区建设投入逐步加大。最后本文对如何化解拆迁困境提出了政策建议。     

中国城市化进程中的城市道路交通碳排放研究

探讨了中国城市化、经济发展、技术进步等与城市道路交通碳排放之间的长期均衡关系与动态作用机制,并对中国城市道路交通碳排放进行了预测和情景分析。结果表明:①城市化率、交通能源强度、城市居民消费水平和人均GDP对城市道路交通碳排放的长期均衡弹性分别为0.93、0.73、0.68、0.44;②城市道路交通碳排放的最大贡献者在中短期内是交通能源强度,长期内是城市化率;③人均GDP增长率的提高,短期内会促使城市道路交通碳排放增长率提高,而长期又有助于使之降低;④中国城市道路交通碳排放持续增长的趋势在相当长时期内不可避免;⑤不同的发展理念和政策与技术的组合,可以使城市道路交通碳排放发生重大变化。基于研究,提出了中国城市道路交通碳减排的政策取向。     

Measuring Sustainability Based Upon Various Perspectives: A Case Study of a Hill Station in Southeast Asia

A hill station is a town or city situated in mountain regions in the tropics founded during the western colonization in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Hill stations have moderate temperatures, and are known for their relatively good natural environments, which generate valuable ecosystem services that benefit the local population. However, rapid urbanization threatens the sustainability of these areas. This study evaluates the sustainability of the urbanization process of Baguio City, a hill station city in Southeast Asia and the summer capital of the Philippines, by determining the relationship between its velocity of urbanization and velocity of urban sustainability based upon various perspectives. From an equal weight perspective (of the triple bottom line of sustainability components, namely environmental, social, and economic) and a pro-economic perspective, the results revealed that the urbanization of Baguio City has been moving toward a “sustainable urbanization.” However, from the environmental and eco-sustainable human development perspectives, the results indicated that it has been moving toward an “unsustainable urbanization.” The paper discusses the implications of the findings for the planning of sustainable development for Baguio City, including some critical challenges in sustainability assessment and the applicability of the framework used for future sustainability assessments of the other hill stations in Southeast Asia.     

湖南小城镇发展研究

自改革开放以来,小城镇发展对湖南城市化的贡献逐步加大。１９９８年,湖南建制镇冲数已达１００１个,建制镇非农业 省非农业人口比重已上升到４５．０４％,但湖南小城镇有存在家庭不清、规划滞后、规模小、设施水平低、缺乏特色、体制落后突出问题。应确立小城镇发展在全省农村剩余劳动力转移中的优先地位,进一步提高小城镇湖南城市化的贡献;应尽快开展全省小城镇普查,制定科学的小城镇发展与建设规划,应因地制宜地选择１１     

城市化与可持续发展

我国城市化进程与可持续发展要求不相适应,这种滞后性,源自于认识上的误区,二元结构社会结构的束缚,城乡一体化的发展观和城市发 现实矛盾。解决这个问题,只解决思想,积极推进城市化,加强城市可持续发展的规划和管理,加快基础设施建设,深化户籍,土地、社会保障制度改革。     

城市化及其对大气环境的影响

中国城市化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加,给中国城市带来了众多大气环境问题。城市化不仅造成了如热岛效应等城市周边气候的变化,还带来了酸雨频发、空气颗粒物污染加重和汽车尾气污染严重等城市环境问题。对此,应当从科学编制城市发展规划,合理调整经济结构,加强环境管理与污染治理,增加城市绿化面积等方面入手,改善城市大气环境。     

浙江乐清湾海岸带地区乡村城市化发展机制研究

海岸带是人地关系矛盾较为突出的地带.浙江乐清湾海岸带地区在著名的"温州模式"的熏陶下,其城镇发展具有典型的乡村城市化的特征.本文选取乐清海沿岸的乐清市、玉环县和温岭的23个建制乡镇为研究范围,在阐述乐清湾海岸带地区乡村城市化特征的基础上,从隐性机制和显性机制两方面探讨了研究区以市场推导为主动力的"自下而上"的乡村城市化发展机制.隐性机制,包括农村内部的推动力、城市的拉动力和农民主体观念的转变;显性机制,包括市场激励、政策环境、资金因素、政府作用和交通发展.最后提出了加快小城镇发展的若干调控对策,即进一步加快基础设施建设、优化生产力布局、重点培育优势城镇等.     

快速城市化背景下的防洪减灾对策研究

城市化改变了洪涝灾害风险的孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体的脆弱性,相应地,洪涝灾害的风险也随之加大了。在这种大环境下,采取合理可行的防洪减灾对策来降低洪涝风险就变得非常重要了。笔者认为应采取工程措施和非工程措施相结合的防洪减灾对策,工程措施方面主要包括提高防洪堤的防洪标准、提高城市排水能力、提高城市广场和绿地的占地面积、铺设楼顶蓄水池和地下蓄水池,非工程措施方面主要包括做好防洪规划、加强防洪评价,进行洪涝灾害风险分析,加强洪水预报预警工作,普及城市居民的防灾意识。