环鄱阳湖地区旅游产业-城镇化-生态环境交互耦合的定量比较及演化分析

根据旅游、城镇化、生态环境3个子系统交互耦合的作用机理,构建鄱阳湖地区旅游产业-城镇化-生态环境复合系统的评价指标体系,引入协调发展度模型,定量测算了1999~2013年鄱阳湖地区的协调发展度,根据测算结果对鄱阳湖地区的协调发展状况进行整体评价及6个城市(南昌、景德镇、九江、鹰潭、抚州、上饶)的对比分析。结果表明:整体上鄱阳湖地区协调发展度呈上升趋势,但旅游和城镇化相对滞后导致其平均水平仍处于初级协调阶段,协调水平有待提升,6市之间的协调发展水平差异明显,且特征各异,城镇化和旅游业发展与生态环境之间的矛盾是制约鄱阳湖地区协调发展的主要因素,未来鄱阳湖地区应在坚持修复和改善生态环境的基础上,加快旅游业发展和城镇化进程,从而实现鄱阳湖地区旅游产业、城镇化、生态环境的全面协调和快速提升。     

上海市城乡梯度上土壤重金属空间分布及其影响因素定量分析

提出了两种上海市城乡梯度上土壤重金属空间格局及影响因素的研究方法:缓冲区分析方法和滑动窗口分析方法.缓冲区分析的结果表明,人口变化指数及2~3 km范围内的建设用地比例能显著影响Cd和Cu的空间分布(p0.05),而3 km范围内的道路密度显著影响Pb的浓度.滑动窗口分析的结果表明,Cd和Cu主要受工业活动的影响,而Pb受交通流量,以及反映城市景观扩张过程的景观形状指数的影响.相关分析表明,两种方式揭示了较为相似的土壤重金属空间累积影响因素,即工业活动相关的城市化过程.研究对理解城市化的发生机制及其重金属环境风险的管理有重要意义.     

Changing the Course of Rivers in an Asian City: Linking Landscapes to Human Benefits through Iterative Modeling and Design

Concerns over water scarcity, climate change, and environmental health risks have prompted some Asian cities to invest in river rehabilitation, but deciding on the end goals of rehabilitation is a complex undertaking. We propose a multidisciplinary framework linking riparian landscape change to human well‐being, providing information relevant to decision makers, in a format that facilitates stakeholder involvement. We illustrate this through a case study of the densely settled, environmentally degraded, and flood prone Ciliwung River flowing through metropolitan Jakarta, Indonesia. Our methodology attempts to respond to this complexity through an iterative approach, strongly based on conceptualization and mathematical modeling. Nested hydrologic, hydrodynamic, and water quality models provide outputs at catchment‐, corridor‐, and localized site‐scales. Advanced 3‐D landscape modeling is used for procedural design and precise visualization of proposed changes and their impacts, as predicted by the mathematical models. Finally, participatory planning and design methods allow us to obtain critical stakeholder feedback in shaping a socially acceptable approach. Our framework aims at demonstrating that a change in paradigm in river rehabilitation is possible, and providing future scenarios that balance concerns over flooding, water quality, and ecology, with the realities of a rapidly growing megacity.     

Paying the Extinction Debt in Southern Wisconsin Forest Understories

Abstract: The lack of long‐term baseline data restricts the ability to measure changes in biological diversity directly and to determine its cause. This hampers conservation efforts and limits testing of basic tenets of ecology and conservation biology. We used a historical baseline survey to track shifts in the abundance and distribution of 296 native understory species across 82 sites over 55 years in the fragmented forests of southern Wisconsin. We resurveyed stands first surveyed in the early 1950s to evaluate the influence of patch size and surrounding land cover on shifts in native plant richness and heterogeneity and to evaluate changes in the relative importance of local site conditions versus the surrounding landscape context as drivers of community composition and structure. Larger forests and those with more surrounding forest cover lost fewer species, were more likely to recruit new species, and had lower rates of homogenization than smaller forests in more fragmented landscapes. Nearby urbanization further reduced both alpha and beta understory diversity. Similarly, understory composition depended strongly on local site conditions in the original survey but only weakly reflected the surrounding landscape composition. By 2005, however, the relative importance of these factors had reversed such that the surrounding landscape structure is now a much better predictor of understory composition than are local site conditions. Collectively, these results strongly support the idea that larger intact habitat patches and landscapes better sustain native species diversity and demonstrate that humans play an increasingly important role in driving patterns of native species diversity and community composition.     

乡村振兴与新型城镇化耦合协调的动态演进及其驱动机制

重构乡村振兴与新型城镇化的指标体系,采用耦合协调度模型、空间马尔可夫链以及地理加权回归模型,分析了2005—2017年中国30个省（市、自治区）乡村振兴与新型城镇化的耦合协调水平、时空分异格局、空间动态演进以及驱动机制。研究发现：（1）乡村振兴与新型城镇化的耦合协调度呈现“东部高、西南低”的分布特征,中级协调区域逐步向中部扩散,高级协调区域数量不断增加;高级协调类型省（市、自治区）中“乡村振兴滞后型”占大多数,初级协调和濒临失调类型省（市、自治区）中“新型城镇化发展滞后型”居多。（2）耦合协调度的动态演进呈现维持原有状态稳定性的特征,较难实现跨越式转移,处于高级协调阶段的省（市、自治区）存在“俱乐部趋同”现象。向上转移的省（市、自治区）主要集中在中部,向下调整的以北方省（市、自治区）居多;耦合协调较高的省（市、自治区）对邻近省（市、自治区）具有正向溢出效应,而耦合协调度低的省（市、自治区）对周围产生负向效应,且这种影响是不对称的。（3）影响乡村振兴与新型城镇化耦合协调度变化的驱动力空间差异显著,表现出层级带状分布的发展态势。政府驱动、投资驱动、人口驱动呈现南北层级带状分布。消费驱动、收入驱动、产业驱动呈现东西层级带状分布。     

提升我国城市化水平的重要意义和政策调整

我国的城市化水平落后于工业化水平，已成为制约我国经济与社会发展的重要因素。提升我国城市化水平，从经济上讲，具有如下重要意义：（1）有利于化解有效需求不足矛盾。（2）有利于带动相关产业增长和主人口增加。（3）有利于促进我国产业结构优化，提高经济运行质量。（4）有利于资源的综合利用和耕地保护。（5）有利于缩小城乡差距。提升我国城市化水平是我国新世纪的战略任务，必须进行相关的政策调整与选择。     

Relations between Urban Bird and Plant Communities and Human Well‐Being and Connection to Nature

Abstract: By 2050, 70% of the world's population will live in urban areas. In many cases urbanization reduces the richness and abundance of native species. Living in highly modified environments with fewer opportunities to interact directly with a diversity of native species may adversely affect residents’ personal well‐being and emotional connection to nature. We assessed the personal well‐being, neighborhood well‐being (a measure of a person's satisfaction with their neighborhood), and level of connection to nature of over 1000 residents in 36 residential neighborhoods in southeastern Australia. We modeled these response variables as a function of natural features of each neighborhood (e.g., species richness and abundance of birds, density of plants, and amount of vegetation cover) and demographic characteristics of surveyed residents. Vegetation cover had the strongest positive relations with personal well‐being, whereas residents’ level of connection to nature was weakly related to variation in species richness and abundance of birds and density of plants. Demographic characteristics such as age and level of activity explained the greatest proportion of variance in well‐being and connection to nature. Nevertheless, when controlling for variation in demographic characteristics (examples were provided above), neighborhood well‐being was positively related to a range of natural features, including species richness and abundance of birds, and vegetation cover. Demographic characteristics and how well‐being was quantified strongly influenced our results, and we suggest demography and metrics of well‐being must be considered when attempting to determine relations between the urban environment and human well‐being.     

Is Denser Greener? An Evaluation of Higher Density Development as an Urban Stormwater‐Quality Best Management Practice1

Abstract: A simple spreadsheet model was used to evaluate potential water quality benefits of high‐density development. The question was whether the reduced land consumed by higher density development (vs. standard suburban developments) would offset the worse water quality generated by a greater amount of impervious surface in the smaller area. Total runoff volume and per acre loadings of total phosphorous, total nitrogen, and total suspended solids increased with density as expected, but per capita loadings and runoff decreased markedly with density. For a constant or given population, then, higher density can result in dramatically lower total loadings than more diffuse suburban densities. The model showed that a simple doubling of standard suburban densities [to 8 dwelling units per acre (DUA) from about 3 to 5 DUA] in most cases could do more to reduce contaminant loadings associated with urban growth than many traditional stormwater best management practices (BMPs), and that higher densities such as those associated with transit‐oriented development could outperform almost all traditional BMPs, in terms of reduced loadings per a constant population. Because higher density is associated with vibrant urban life, building a better city may be the best BMP to mitigate the water quality damage that will accompany the massive urban growth expected for the next several decades.     

Impact of Residential Soil Disturbance on Infiltration Rate and Stormwater Runoff1

Woltemade, Christopher J., 2010. Impact of Residential Soil Disturbance on Infiltration Rate and Stormwater Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 700-711. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00442.x Abstract: Soil disturbances such as excavation and compaction in residential developments affect lawn infiltration rates and stormwater runoff. These effects were investigated via measuring saturated infiltration rates at 108 residential sites and 18 agricultural sites near Shippensburg, south-central Pennsylvania, using a double-ring infiltrometer. Residential sites included four neighborhoods distributed across three soil series classified as hydrologic soil group (HSG) B. Additional parcel data included date of house construction, percentage impervious area, lawn condition, and woody vegetation condition. Measured infiltration rates ranged from 0 to >40 cm/hour. Analysis of variance indicated significantly different mean infiltration rates (p < 0.001) for lots constructed pre-2000 (9.0 cm/hour) and those constructed post-2000 (2.8 cm/hour). Test results were used to determine a “field-tested” HSG for each site, representing disturbed soil conditions. Stormwater runoff was estimated from residential lots for a range of 24-hour design storms using the TR-55 model and several alternative methods of determining curve numbers, including five different representations of soil conditions. Curve numbers and stormwater runoff were substantially higher when based on field-tested HSGs for lots constructed post-2000 compared with lots built pre-2000 and when based on the HSG for undisturbed soils, documenting the magnitude of possible error in stormwater runoff models that neglect soil disturbance.     

Local Land‐Use Planning to Conserve Biodiversity: Planners’ Perspectives on What Works

Abstract: Because habitat loss due to urbanization is a primary threat to biodiversity, and land‐use decisions in urbanizing areas are mainly made at the local level, land‐use planning by municipal planning departments has a potentially important—but largely unrealized—role in conserving biodiversity. To understand planners’ perspectives on the factors that facilitate and impede biodiversity conservation in local planning, we interviewed directors of 17 municipal planning departments in the greater Seattle (Washington, U.S.A.) area and compared responses of planners from similar‐sized jurisdictions that were “high” and “low performing” with respect to incorporation of biodiversity conservation in local planning. Planners from low‐performing jurisdictions regarded mandates from higher governmental levels as the primary drivers of biodiversity conservation, whereas those from high‐performing jurisdictions regarded community values as the main drivers, although they also indicated that mandates were important. Biodiversity conservation was associated with presence of local conservation flagship elements (e.g., salmonids) and human‐centered benefits of biodiversity conservation (e.g., quality of life). Planners from high‐ and low‐performing jurisdictions favored different planning mechanisms for biodiversity conservation, perhaps reflecting differences in funding and staffing. High performers reported more collaborations with other entities on biodiversity issues. Planners’ comments indicated that the term biodiversity may be problematic in the context of local planning. The action most planners recommended to increase biodiversity conservation in local planning was public education. These results suggest that to advance biodiversity conservation in local land‐use planning, conservation biologists should investigate and educate the public about local conservation flagships and human benefits of local biodiversity, work to raise ecological literacy and explain biodiversity more effectively to the public, and promote collaboration on biodiversity conservation among jurisdictions and inclusion of biodiversity specialists in planning departments.