Body size and reserve protection affect flight initiation distance in parrotfishes

Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which an organism begins to flee an approaching threat, is an important component of antipredator behavior and a potential indicator of an animal’s perception of threat. In a field study on parrotfishes, we tested the predictions that FID in response to a diver will increase with body size, a correlate of reproductive value, and with experience of threat from humans. We studied a broad size range in four species on fringing reefs inside and outside the Barbados Marine Reserve. We used the Akaike's Information Criterion modified for small sample sizes (AICc) and model averaging to select and assess alternative models. Body size, reserve protection, and distance to a refuge, but not species, had strong support in explaining FID. FID increased with body size and generally remained two to ten times fish total length. FID was greater outside the reserve, especially in larger fish. Although we were not able to completely rule out other effects of size or reserve, this study supports predictions of an increase in FID with reproductive value and threat from humans.     

基于AHP和向量模法的宜昌市水环境承载力研究

基于宜昌市水环境现状,从水资源、水生态、社会经济3个方面考察水环境承载力,构建了宜昌市水环境承载力指标体系,选取对数函数作为单项指标的承载度模型,采用层次分析法计算各个指标的权重,基于统计年鉴资料和当地的发展规划,运用向量模法对2005-2020年的宜昌市水环境承载力进行评价和分析。结果表明,近几年宜昌市水环境整体上处于中等偏上水平,承载力值维持在0.55左右,并且该状态将一直维持到2015年,但伴随着宜昌市社会经济的发展,人口规模的扩张,水资源因子将会是宜昌市水环境承载力的限制因素,可以预知,如果宜昌市保持现有经济结构和发展速度,2020年宜昌市水环境承载力值将有所下降,届时水环境问题势必影响到宜昌市生态环境、社会经济和人民生活。     

Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process

Sulfuric anhydrides,generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO₃with carboxylic acids,have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF).Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA),phenylacetic acid (PAA),phthalic acid (PA),isophthalic acid (mPA),and terephthalic acid(PTA)) with SO₃to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory...     

Thermal hazard in a batch process involving hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile and interesting reagent for many industrial processes; nevertheless, it is very sensitive to impurities that can catalyze its decomposition, so that the desired reaction could be accompanied by undesired parallel and consecutive reactions. As an example, the butadiene free radical polymerization with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an organic solvent was studied. Batch polymerization occurs in the liquid phase at about 120 °C. Because of the involved reactive compounds and the relatively high temperature, this is an intrinsically dangerous reaction. Therefore calorimetric data can give important information about safety and process optimization during the scale-up. The aim of this research project was to study the influence of impurities on the overall heat of reaction. The experiments were made in a high-pressure reaction calorimeter. The study has revealed that impurities do indeed affect the reaction course. Most importantly, the presence of carboxylic acids and/or ionic iron must be avoided and the recycle of unreacted reagents must be carefully controlled to minimize the build-up of these impurities.     

Study on the role of copper converter slag in simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry

To achieve “waste controlled by waste”, a novel wet process using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry for simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx from acid-making tail gas was proposed. Through the solid-liquid separation for copper slag slurry, the liquid-phase part has a critical influence on removing NOx and SO2. Also, the leached metal ions played a crucial role in the absorption of SO2 and NOx. Subsequently, the effects of single/multi-metal ions on NOx removal was investigated. The results showed that the leached metal from copper converter slag (Al3+, Cu2+, and Mg2+) and KMnO4 had a synergistic effect on NOx removal, thereby improving the NOx removal efficiency. Whereas Fe2+ had an inhibitory effect on the NOx removal owing to the reaction between Fe2+ and KMnO4, thereby consuming the KMnO4. Besides, SO2 was converted to SO42? completely partly due to the liquid catalytic oxidation by metal ions. The XRD and XPS results indicated that the Fe (II) species (Fe2SiO4, Fe3O4) in copper slag can react with H+ ions with the generation of Fe2+, and further consumed the KMnO4, thereby resulting in a decrease in the NOx removal. The characterization of the slags and solutions before and after reaction led us to propose the possible mechanisms. The role of copper slag is as follows: (1) the alkaline substances in copper slag can absorb SO2 and NO2 by KMnO4 oxidation. (2) copper slag may function as a catalyst to accelerate SO2 conversion and improve NOx removal by synergistic effect between leached metal ions and KMnO4.     

煤矿噪声对人的注意力影响实验研究

为了研究煤矿噪声对作业人员注意力的影响,采用舒尔特方格法对20名被试者进行5 d的测试,以反应时间和错误次数为评价标准,测试了5种不同分贝煤矿噪声下的注意力水平。运用SPSS,Excel等软件对实验所得的反应时间、出错次数和超时次数进行分析。结果表明:不同噪声等级刺激对矿工的注意力水平存在差异。噪声等级在35~85 db时,注意力水平变化不显著,当噪声等级超过85 db后,对注意力水平的影响趋于显著。煤矿安全规程规定井下作业场所的噪声不应超过85 db,如果超过此临界值,噪声会对矿工的注意力产生较大的负面影响,导致不安全行为的发生;不同噪声等级分别与矿工出错次数、超时次数成正相关关系。当噪声等级在35~85 db时,随噪声刺激的增大,矿工出错次数的增长率先增大后减小,而超时次数的增长率刚好相反。噪声等级超过85 db后,矿工出错次数、超时次数的增长率一致。     

Effects of uncertainty, transmission type, driver age and gender on brake reaction and movement time

PROBLEM: Braking time (BT) is a critical component in safe driving, and various approaches have been applied to minimize it. This study analyzed the components of BT in order to assess the effects of age, gender, vehicle transmission type, and event uncertainty, on its two primary components, perception-reaction time and brake-movement time. METHOD: Perception-reaction time and brake-movement time were measured at the onset of lights for 72 subjects in a simulator. The six experimental conditions were three levels of uncertainty conditions (none, some, and some + false alarms) and two types of transmission (manual and automatic). The 72 subjects, half male and half female, were further divided into three age groups (mean of 23, 30, and 62 years). Each subject had 10 trials in each of the three levels of uncertainty conditions. RESULTS: Transmission type did not significantly affect either perception-reaction time or brake-movement time. Perception-reaction time increased significantly from 0.32 to 0.42 s (P < .05) as uncertainty increased but brake-movement time did not change. Perception-reaction time increased (from 0.35 to 0.43 s) with age but brake-movement time did not change with age. Gender did not affect perception-reaction time but did affect brake-movement time (males 0.19 s vs. females 0.16 s). IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: At 90 km/h, a car travels 0.25 m in 0.01 s. Consequently, even such small effects multiplied by millions of vehicle-kilometers can contribute to significant savings in lives and damages.     

承钢建立安全监管长效机制的探讨

根据承钢矿山企业地质条件复杂、作业环境特殊及安全监管现状,本文从规范化管理,制度化建设,宣传教育培训,企业安全文化的培育等方面进行分析研究,探讨如何营建高效的安全监管长效机制,以达到有效控制危险源,及时消除事故隐患,减少事故发生,实现安全生产的目的.     

人因(HF)事故与事故征候分类标准及近十二年 中国民航HF事故与事故征候的分类统计报告

事故与事故征候分类标准和统计方法是民航飞行安全的一项基础性安全管理内容。笔者运用Reason的事故链模型制订了人因 (HF)事故与事故征候分类标准 ,并成功地运用于36 1起HF事故征候和 35起飞行事故的统计分析之中 ,获得了以下一些有实用价值的结果 :①不良的机组资源管理 (CRM )技能是影响我国民航飞行安全的主要因素 ;②基本驾驶术较差引起的事故征候率较高 ;③滑行阶段和巡航阶段发生的征候次数和所占百分比高于起飞、爬升、下降以及进近阶段 ;④主要征候类型为偏出、冲出跑道 ,危险接近 ,擦机尾、翼尖、发动机以及地面撞障碍物 ;⑤排在前三位的飞行事故为机组原因造成飞机失控、撞山以及冲出跑道 ;⑥发生次数和百分比排在前四位的机组错误分别是操纵不当、违反规章程序飞行、迷航及飞错高度     

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