新疆土壤盐渍化成因及其防治对策研究

论述了新疆土壤盐渍化形成的地质、地貌、土壤质地和人为灌溉方式不合理等原因,说明土壤盐渍化是一种自然现象。通过调查,目前新疆盐渍化土壤主要有稳定脱盐型、脱盐聚盐混合型、脱盐聚盐反复型、持续聚盐型和灌溉聚盐型,其中脱盐聚盐混合型和脱盐聚盐反复型分布最为广泛,稳定脱盐型仅分布于竖井排灌区。总结了新疆土壤盐渍化的治理研究过程及国内外防治土壤盐渍化的措施,提出了竖井排灌工程是防治新疆土壤盐渍化最有效的措施。通过工程实例,证明了竖井排灌具有降低地下水位和灌溉作用,且经济效益明显。     

基于外部效应分析机井密度对地下水位的影响

农用机井的迅猛发展使地下水灌溉在我国的粮食生产中发挥了重要作用,但同时也使地下水面临超采严重和水位下降的严峻形势。为了可持续地利用地下水资源,政府需采取必要措施。鉴于地下水使用中存在的外部效应,合理控制机井密度可能是值得政府考虑的重要举措之一。然而,现有文献对机井密度与地下水位之间的关系仍缺乏实证分析。本研究以兰考县为案例研究区,结合有关部门的机井普查数据和研究小组搜集的农户调研数据,利用空间分析和计量模型分析,发现机井密度与地下水位之间具有显著的关系。具体而言,当某一机井100 m半径范围内的机井数目每增加一眼,该机井的水位显著下降约15 cm;机井密度对水位的边际影响随半径范围的扩大而下降。研究建议：政府在今后应采取有关措施控制机井密度,加强地下水取水许可证制度建设等配套措施。     

MODELING PERCOLATION LOSSES FROM A PONDED FIELD UNDER VARIABLE WATER-TABLE CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: A numerical simulation model was developed to predict the vertical and lateral percolation losses from a ponded agricultural field. The two-dimensional steady-state unsaturated/ saturated flow equation was solved using the finite-difference technique. A constant ponding depth was maintained at the soil surface with different water table conditions in an application of the model for rice fields bordered by bunds. Field experiments were conducted for two different water table depths to collect data on the spatial distribution of volumetric soil-moisture content for model verification. The measured soil-moisture content values were found to be in close agreement with those predicted by the model. The sensitivity analysis of the model with selected hydrologic conditions shows that the model is most sensitive to the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity, but relatively less sensitive to water table depth, ponding depth, and evaporation rate from the soil surface. It implies that, in a ponded rice field condition, the lateral and vertical percolation losses are mostly governed by the hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The vertical percolation losses were almost equal to the saturated hydraulic conductivity values and, in most cases, these losses increased with deeper water table depths. The lateral percolation losses also increased with deeper water table depths; however, these losses were relatively small in comparison to the vertical percolation losses. The vertical and lateral percolation losses increased with the increase in ponding depths. The lateral percolation losses through the bund decreased when the evaporation losses increased from the soil surface. The results of this study indicate that the percolation losses from a ponded field may be predicted accurately for a wide range of soil and hydrological conditions when the values of hydraulic conductivity, evaporation rate, depth of ponding, and water table depth are accurately known.     

塔里木河下游荒漠植物群落物种多样性及其结构特征分析

以29块植物群落调查样地资料为基础,采用物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度由高到低指数对塔里木河下游植物群落的物种多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明,研究区共有植物10科14属,出现频率居于前3位的植物依次为柽柳、黑果枸杞和胡杨;重要值以胡杨为最大（0．384）,其次为柽柳（0．230）,盐生草为最小（0．002）;优势建群植物胡杨主要分布在与河道垂直距离500m范围内。沿河道从英苏至阿拉干断面,地下水位逐渐下降,物种多样性总体呈下降趋势,群落结构由乔木-灌木-草本转为以乔木-灌木为主;随与河道垂直距离增加,群落密度和盖度均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,植物群落结构由乔木-灌木、乔木-灌木-草本逐渐演变为灌木-草本或单一的灌木结构。     

塔里木河下游第五次应急输水后地下水恢复量的计算

依据塔里木河下游应急输水前与第五次第一阶段输水后地下水的监测资料,分析了输水前后地下水位的响应特征:地下水位在应急输水前持续下降,呈近似水平状态;输水后则由于接受了河道渗漏的补给,地下水位表现出逐次回升的趋势且受输水的影响,宽度(距离河道)也随之加大。在此基础上,逐断面拟合了第五(I)次输水后地下水位与离河距离的二次多项式方程,同时运用地下水水均衡的原理,推导了计算地下水净恢复量的数学公式,并以此为工具对第五(I)次输水后地下水的净恢复量进行了计算。     

中国工业产品进出口贸易污染足迹对比分析

运用投入产出分析法建立了工业产品进出口污染足迹计量模型,计算了中国20个进出口工业部门6类污染物排放系数及排放量等多组数据.研究结果显示,国内环境污染加剧与工业产品大量出口密切相关.贸易顺差部门COD、SO2排放系数偏高,污染足迹净流入主要来自造纸印刷及文教用品制造业、非金属矿物制品业;污染足迹净流出主要来自化学工业; 2002年COD净流入31.00万t,SO2净流出48.87万t,其他污染物足迹大致平衡.     

Estimation of regional physical imports and exports of EW-MFA in China using monetary input-output tables

Given the statistical gaps in material flow among provinces in China, a method was introduced to estimate regional physical imports and exports (RPIE), which includes international and interregional imports/exports. This method uses provincial monetary inputoutput tables (MIOT) and international trade statistics. A coefficient matrix representing correlations between monetary value and physical mass for years 2000–2009 was obtained based on a detailed commodity classification and 22 material production sectors in MIOT. With the coefficient matrix as reference, RPIE was measured. Pilot calculation of both regional physical trade balance and domestic material consumption, as well as a brief analysis of these methods, were conducted using 2002 data.     

地面沉降成灾临界水位的识别及意义

在分析以往研究不足的基础上,首次提出了地面沉降成灾临界水位的概念及一般确定方法。以长江三角洲地面沉降区代表城市为例,给出了根据已发生地面沉降灾害城市的地面沉降监测数据确定地面沉降成灾临界水位的具体方法,并确定了该地区地面沉降成灾临界水位。分析了地面沉降成灾临界水位对预防地面沉降灾害发生及合理开采地下水资源的重要意义。     

对振动试验常见故障的分析及探讨

目的以电动振动台为例,对振动试验常见故障进行分析和探讨。方法从电动振动试验系统构成上着手,对振动试验系统在试验中常见的三种故障情况进行全面分析。结果给出了解决方案,考虑故障发生因素后,提出了科学合理的振动试验操作流程,以及进行振动试验时的相关建议。结论结合文中思路合理操作,可以降低振动台故障的发生几率,同时能提高试验质量、降低试验风险。     

滨海带感潮河流上朔规律及地下水面波动特征研究

本研究以太平洋附近具有典型海岸地形地貌的3.2km2的区域为调查研究对象。首先,通过调查设置在河流上的5处调查点的河流水位及河水铅直方向电导率,掌握了感潮河流海水上朔的规律。其次,通过调查设置在区域内的26口调查井在满潮和干潮时的地下水位,推断出了潮汐的涨落及感潮河流和地下水流动方向的关系。此外,对与海岸垂直的断面和平行的断面上的10口调查井的调查结果显示,同一位置、不同季节其地下水面波动的特点不同;不同的调查井,因所处位置的不同及与海岸、感潮河流距离的不同,其地下水面波动的振幅及其与潮汐波动的位相差也不同。