First monospecific bloom of the harmful raphidophyte Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono in Alexandria waters related to water quality and copepod grazing

The massive red tide bloom of Chattonella antiqua that occurred in Alexandria waters during late August/early September 2006 was monospecific, of very high density, and of wide spatial distribution, and was accompanied by mass fish and invertebrates mortalities. During the bloom, surface water temperature ranged between 26.5 and 28.5 °C and salinity between 23 and 27 psu. The bloom started under very high nitrate and ammonia levels; where the uptake of ammonia seemed to be faster than that of nitrate, and the bloom seemed to avoid the copepod grazing. Mass fish and invertebrates mortality was observed. Few cells of Heterosigma species have been reported for the first time in the Alexandria waters. Several environmental constraints (including physical factors), nutrient loading, copepod grazing and comparison with other data for C. antiqua blooms in Alexandria waters are also discussed.     

daNUbs: Lessons learned for nutrient management in the Danube Basin and its relation to Black Sea euthrophication

The results of the daNUbs-project deliver a basis for a proper management of nutrients in the Danube Basin. The understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of nutrients in the Basin and their effects on the Western ad North-Western Black Sea (WBS) ecosystem has been improved. Quantitative models on the emission of nutrients, their transport along the rivers, and their impact on the WBS have been further developed and combined. Phosphorus loads discharged by the Danube are 30-50% lower than in the 1980s (dissolved P even to a higher extent). Nitrogen emissions have decreased considerably as well. The lower nutrient discharges from the Danube have led to a significant improvement in the WBS ecosystem. Current low discharges of N and P to the WBS are the result of (1) improved nutrient removal from waste water in Germany, Austria, and Czech Republic, (2) reduced P-discharges from detergents and (3) the consequences of the economic crisis in central and eastern European countries following the political changes of 1989/1990. As the decrease is partly due to the economic breakdown in the formerly communist countries, economic development in these countries has to go along with proper nutrient management. Otherwise, the situation in the WBS ecosystem will deteriorate again.     

Relationships between dissolved and particulate carbohydrate temporal patterns and mucilaginous aggregates formation: evidences from time series analysis and biochemical composition of aggregates

A 3-year monitoring of dissolved and particulate carbohydrate concentrations in four transects located in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas was performed in order to get information on the role played by carbohydrates in the mucilage formation in these areas. The application of time series analysis pointed out that the concentration of dissolved carbohydrates does not vary significantly in coincidence of the mucilage appearance showing an almost constant state with respect to time. In contrast, wider temporal variations of carbohydrate amounts, either increase or decrease, were observed when mucilages were lacking or reduced. This almost constant state of carbohydrate amounts observed in presence of mucilages that we define 'steady state' could be associated to an alteration of the complex chemical equilibrium between synthesis and degradation (either hydrolysis or oxidation) reactions of the organic polymers which are typical of the humification processes in the marine environment. The results of this study suggest that the monitoring of carbohydrates can represent an useful tool for the comprehension of the most relevant phenomena of mucilage appearance in the Northern Adriatic Sea.     

Spatial and seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Adriatic coastal waters

The main objective of this paper is to present vertical and horizontal patterns of dissolved oxygen and nutrients found during four seasonal surveys (March, June, September and December 2000) in the Southern Adriatic Sea coastal waters. The multivariate technique Principal Component Analysis has been applied to our dataset considering the following parameters: seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate). The resulting plot shows in a self-explanatory way that a seasonal trend was not observable in the investigated period and that no significant differences occur between the stations sampled in the Taranto Gulf and those along the Adriatic coast. Water column stratification persists in all seasons, except in spring, in the shallowest stations. The surface layer is characterized by a low nutrient content. The influence of the Northern Adriatic Surface Water in the Southern Adriatic sub-basin seems to be very low and can be traced by nitrate and silicate only in spring and winter. Regarding deep waters, nitrate distribution shows an increasing gradient moving from the coast to the open sea, having the lowest concentration in the shelf area and the highest in the most offshore stations of the Otranto Strait. In the Otranto Strait area the vertical distributions of physical and chemical parameters show, at middle depths, the inflow of Levantine Intermediate Water, traced by both the maximum of salinity, nitrate and phosphate and the minimum of oxygen. The LIW signal is lost moving northward. The outflow of Adriatic Dense Water is less evident, being traced only in spring by an oxygen increase at the bottom layer in the shelf area. The N:P ratio is highly variable but in the range already observed in the Southern Adriatic, suggesting a P-limitation, which can both contribute to the low primary productivity of the area and support the N:P ratio anomaly of the Eastern Mediterranean.     

Response of a Fuzzy INdex of Ecosystem integrity (FINE) to water and sedimentary chemical data in two northern Adriatic lagoons

The European WFD (2000/60/EC) requires the assessment of the ecological quality status of water bodies, and gives great importance to the biological components of the ecosystem. A multimetric, fuzzy-based index for the evaluation of environmental quality (FINE: Fuzzy INdex of Ecosystem integrity) has been developed. The FINE index was calculated at 7 sites in the Sacca di Goro and the Valli di Comacchio (Adriatic Sea), where water and sedimentary chemical data were available for the years 2004 and 2005. A significant positive correlation was found between FINE values and dissolved oxygen, while significant negative correlations were observed between FINE values and transparency, nitrogen and phosphorous in the water column, and heavy metals and PCB in the sediments.     

Succession in the Abra ovata Community on Soft Grounds of a Newly Flooded Area of the Caspian Sea

Studies on succession in the Abra ovata community inhabiting the flooded area in Sulak Bay, Caspian Sea, that have been carried out since the mid-1980s were continued. It has been found that the pioneer species A. ovata and Cerastoderma glaucum are still dominant in the structure of this community, determining the course of its succession. Its second stage does not fit the framework of the models characteristic of benthic communities. On the one hand, it conforms to the tolerance model: the pioneer species A. ovata, despite its dominance at all stages of succession, has not prevented the spread of other numerous colonizers of the same trophic level. On the other hand, it conforms to the facilitation model: due to their abundance, the pioneer species as grazing species have attracted organisms of a higher trophic level, namely, sturgeons.     

中国南海海洋国土开发与管控研究展望

南海是中国最大的边缘海,也是目前海洋国土管控问题最多的区域。首先从海洋国土的概念、内涵和属性分析入手,归纳海洋国土开发与管控的特殊性和复杂性;同时溯及南海国土资源的开发历程,确定当前存在的主要国土空间安全问题。以此为基础,梳理南海国土开发与管控的相关议题,将其分为资源—生态维度和人文—制度维度两大问题群,并结合当前研究动态,对相关议题进行评述和讨论。本文认为：南海国土开发与管控的核心议题主要集中在三个方面,即南海开发与管控的基础理论研究、南海区域开发及规划的应用政策研究以及南海国土开发与管控问题的多尺度实证研究。希冀本文对厘清中国海洋国土开发与管控的研究课题,进一步完善中国海洋国土管控机制起到积极的参考作用。     

南黄海浒苔绿潮暴发区氨基酸时空分布特征

根据南黄海绿潮发展过程将浒苔绿潮区分为35°N以南和35°N以北2个区域,并利用2018年南黄海海域春、夏季2个航次的调查数据研究分析了浒苔绿潮发生前后2个区域总溶解氨基酸（TDAA）、溶解游离氨基酸（DFAA）的分布特征及变化规律.结果表明,TDAA和DFAA的浓度均基本呈现近岸高远岸底的水平分布特点,35°N以南海域夏季相对于春季水体TDAA、DFAA的浓度整体呈现上升趋势,其中TDAA浓度升高程度明显,表、中层TDAA浓度分别升高了24.8%、60.6%,而35°N以北海域水体中TDAA的浓度却降低了8.7%,其中表层水体TDAA含量下降了30.1%.在DIN浓度较低的35°N以北海域,浒苔的吸收利用可能是造成该区域表层水体TDAA含量降低的重要原因.由此可见,35°N以北海域水体氨基酸等小分子有机氮对浒苔绿潮后期的维持发展起着重要的支持作用.     

大气气溶胶中铁的酸化与东海赤潮

气溶胶中微量元素的大气输送过程对海洋初级生产力有重要意义,其中铁对海洋生物至关重要,也可能成为影响赤潮的关键因子.本文在综述了大气中酸性物质对气溶胶铁的酸化,在铁从不溶态转变为可溶态的关键过程基础上,提出了东海赤潮的发生可能与大气酸化气溶胶铁密切相关.酸化后的可溶性铁在东海赤潮区下沉可能与沿岸洋流从冬、夏季环流转换提供水动力条件共同作用.该设想将为探索赤潮灾害发生机理提供一些参考,对最终预警预报赤潮发生,降低赤潮灾害的损失,保护海洋生态环境具有重要意义.     

南海岛礁海洋环境中典型不锈钢浪花飞溅区腐蚀规律

目的 研究南海岛礁环境浪花飞溅区中典型不锈钢的腐蚀规律.方法 在南海岛礁进行现场腐蚀试验,利用表面微观形貌观测、腐蚀产物分析及失重测试等手段,对比分析了304、316L和2205不锈钢在浪花飞溅区中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和腐蚀深度.结果 在浪花飞溅区,304不锈钢的腐蚀速率最大,316L不锈钢次之,2205不锈钢最小;在浪花飞溅区304不锈钢和316L不锈钢局部腐蚀主要以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,2205不锈钢耐腐蚀性良好,局部腐蚀不明显;三种不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要包括 α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、γ-Fe2O3.结论 三种不锈钢的腐蚀产物基本相同,但2205不锈钢腐蚀速率变化趋势与另外两种不锈钢明显不同.