Hydrographic and biological aspects of algal bloom in the Adriatic Sea in 1988

The interaction of hydrological, chemical and biological factors in a defined time may cause an excess bloom of phytoplankton in an ecosystem, which can persist over a long period or occur from time to time.

This phenomenon has been recorded from the northern Adriatic and coastal enclosed basins along the eastern Adriatic coast (Ka?tela Bay, Split) for a long time now.

During 1988 this phenomenon of increased production was recorded from almost the entire northern and middle Adriatic with some traces even in its southern part. Some preliminary results for that period point to the fact that this was caused very likely by exceptionally warm and dry weather, with no significant precipitations and wind. Such conditions affect horizontal and vertical stratification of water masses.

High photosynthetic radiation, increased quantities of alochthonous organic matter, either in the form of particulate or dissolved organic matter, either in the form of particulate or dissolved organic carbon (POC or DOC), influx of nutrients (via rivers, municipal sewage or upwelling) are the main causes of sudden bloom and rapid reproduction rate of phytoplankton species (Diatoms) to the large quantities to which the pollution of the entire coastal area is due.     

Photodegradation of an azo dye by silver-doped nano-particulate titanium dioxide

The synthesis of silver doped nano-particulate titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO₂) using a microemulsion method and an investigation of its photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Acid Red 27 in distilled water under UV-irradiation is reported. The prepared Ag/TiO₂ is characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The size of the Ag nanoparticles is around 5–15?nm, with almost uniform distribution on the TiO₂ particles. The efficiency of the photocatalytic process is evaluated to establish the optimum conditions, found to be at 2?wt% of Ag loading on TiO₂, catalyst dosage of 400?mg?L^?1, and calcination temperature of 300°C. Complete decolorization of the dye solution on Ag/TiO₂ was observed in 20?min of UV irradiation in the optimum conditions.     

Behaviour of trace metals in surface sediments of the Black Sea

Early diagenetic processes control the behavior, and more specifically the dissolved‐solid phase distribution of heavy metals in sediments. The depth distribution of Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Fe in sediment were determined in box cores from the Black Sea. The sequential analyses results of these metals indicate contrasting behavior of Mn and Co during early diagenesis, consistent with their respective chemistries and particle‐associations. The profiles of extractable trace metals in the cores are clearly related to sediment type or depositional environment. Topmost sections of the profiles for these elements are generally similar, i.e. rapid decrease in concentration below the sediment surface.     

An ethical analysis of hydrometeorological prediction and decision making: The case of the 1997 Red River flood

Weather, climate, and flood predictions are incorporated into human decisions in a wide variety of situations, including decisions related to hazardous hydrometeorological events. This article examines ethical aspects of such predictions and decisions, focusing on the case of the 1997 Red River flood in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota (US). The analysis employs a formal ethical framework and analytical method derived from medical and business ethics. The results of the analysis highlight issues related to forecast generation, communication of forecast meaning and uncertainty, responsibility for the use of forecasts in decision making, and trade-offs between the desire for forecast certainty and the risk of missed events. Implications of the analysis for the broader arenas of weather, climate, and flood prediction and disaster management are also discussed.     

Public involvement in the Red River Basin management decisions and preparedness for the next flood

Abstract

The focus of this study is public participation in the water resource and associated hazards management decision-making processes. It explores the importance, feasibility, and effectiveness of public participation in the flood management, decision-making process, with particular attention to the case of the Red River Basin of Manitoba, Canada. The nature and efficacy of public participation in the hearings conducted by the International Joint Commission (IJC) in the aftermath of the 1997 Red River flood are critically reviewed. The results of the analysis suggest that the IJC has been more sensitive to the views of the public and concerned stakeholders than the Red River Basin Task Force. The IJC incorporated a substantial portion of the opinions, suggestions, and concerns expressed by the public into the final recommendations produced by the commission for the Canadian and American federal governments. Public participation was an integral component of the IJC hearings, and was expected to contribute to flood preparedness in the future. The reasons for such accommodation of public and the stakeholders' views in decision-makingare primarily attributed to making the proposed projects and programs socio-economically and politically feasible. Because of their general characteristics, the lessons from the case of the Red River Basin could be used as an effective tool in other resource and environmental hazard management areas.     

黄河三角洲北部悬浮体和颗粒有机碳的分布与影响因素

2008年12月对黄河三角洲北部及其毗邻海域悬浮体浓度(SSC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)进行了研究,并结合该海域水文资料,分析了该区冬季SSC和POC的空间分布特征和影响因素.结果表明,冬季研究区水体中的SSC变化范围较大(5~1064mg/L),表、底层的SSC高值区(>600mg/L)均呈条带状分布于废弃神仙沟-钓口三角洲附近海域,且随水深加大SSC快速降低(400μg/L)集中于近岸海域,渤海中部POC仅为20~50μg/L左右,但底层POC向渤海湾中部扩散范围比表层大.POC和SSC之间存在显著正相关关系,表明该海区近岸浅水区沉积物再悬浮是影响研究区POC空间分布的重要原因.冬季SSC和POC高值区与最大侵蚀区、波致底切应力>0.2N/m2的区域相对应,表明在冬季强海洋动力条件下,废弃神仙沟-钓口三角洲叶瓣前缘不仅是沉积物的“源”,也同样是颗粒有机碳的“源”.     

环渤海经济区海域船舶大气污染物排放特征

环渤海经济区是我国重点打造的7个跨省（区、市）的经济区域之一,也是我国北方大气污染控制重点区域和主要航运发展区域.随着陆上污染物减排力度的不断加强,环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染日益受到各界关注.为分析环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染物排放特征,采用船舶AIS（Automatic Identification System,自动识别系统）数据、国内外船舶登记注册数据,利用基于AIS的动力法计算了环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染物排放清单.结果表明:2017年环渤海经济区船舶SO_x、NO_x、PM₁₀、HC和CO的排放量分别为26.18×104、41.12×104、3.48×104、1.13×104和2.66×104 t;船舶大气污染物排放主要在低速航行、巡航和系泊工况下产生,低速航行下SO_x、NO_x、PM₁₀、HC、CO的分担率较大,分别为45.56%、48.79%、46.55%、48.68%、47.00%,系泊工况下SO_x、NO_x、PM₁₀、HC和CO的排放量分别为5.06×104、6.86×104、0.67×104、0.19×104和0.51×104 t,因此,推进靠港船舶使用岸电等举措具有良好的减排效果.船舶使用硫含量（以质量分数计）为0.5%和0.1%的燃料油后,SO_x排放量分别减少81.47%和96.29%,可见船舶使用低硫油时SO_x减排效果显著.研究显示,禁止船舶在航行时使用高硫油、要求船舶靠港前换烧低硫油、提高港口岸电覆盖率、加大靠港船舶使用岸电力度是环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染物减排的有效措施.      

Physiological testing of Mytilus galloprovincialis for the environmental assessing of coastal marine areas: a case study in Boka Kotorska Bay (the Adriatic Sea)

The aim of this work was to validate in the field certain measurement of the heart rate alterations of the bioindicator organism Mytilus galloprovicialis as a tool for ecotoxicological biomonitoring and assessment applications related to coastal and marine environment. The latter was determined by testing the mussels according to the method of functional loading (1-hour lowered salinity stress-exposure). The time of heart rate (HR) recovery (T_rec) and the coefficient of HR variation (CV_HR) in a group of tested animals were used as biomarkers for the assessment of their physiological state. It was found that the values of the biomarkers in mussels from our reference location were 1.3-1.5 times lower than in mussels from differently polluted coastal areas of the Bay. The study also included an investigation of the relationship between the mussel’s cardiac rhythm characteristics and the bioaccumulation of trace elements in their soft tissues, caused by chronic pollution. The conclusion was drawn that this approach to the physiological testing of mussels could be useful in developing a rapid and low-cost method for the assessment of the health of coastal ecosystems.     

A proposal for a long-term baseline phytobenthos monitoring programme for the Finnish Baltic coastal waters: monitoring submerged rocky shore vegetation

Several local surveys on the submerged vegetation have been conducted in past decades along the Finnish Baltic coastal areas. Surveys have been carried out by using various methods,which make the temporal comparisons of the results difficult.The need of a joint programme for coastal phytobenthic monitoringis emphasised by the Nordic Council of Ministers and HELCOM. TheFinnish coastal phytobenthic monitoring programme complements theBaltic HELCOM monitoring programme (COMBINE). It is primarily designed to reveal the effects of eutrophication. The programmeincludes general principles for selection of monitoring areas aswell as a proposal for monitored habitats, communities and species. The need of evaluated and tested field methods, datacollecting, interpretation and data storage are addressed in theQuality Assurance part. The cost-efficiency is secured by integrating the phytobenthos programme with the coastal water monitoring for obtaining the supporting data such like salinity,temperature and nutrients. In the design of the monitoring programme a special interest is paid on areas with high protection values such as Natura 2000 or HELCOM's BSPA (Baltic Sea Protected Areas) or on aspects that would support the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.     

地震速报软件FDSP及在南黄海6.1级地震中的应用

简要论述了江苏省地震速报的历史、现状及计算机技术在地震速报中的重要作用。介绍了ＦＤＳＰ的功能、采用的主要技术以及在本次南黄海６．１级地震中的应用