渤海和黄海北部地区海冰灾害风险评估

海冰灾害是中国海洋灾害的主要灾种之一。渤海和黄海北部地区由于受冬季风带来的寒潮天气影响成为中国最主要的结冰海域。基于灾害风险理论,将研究区海岸带上17个地级市的71个县区作为评价单元,对海冰灾害风险进行评估。选取冰期天数和最大冰厚2个指标,计算致灾因子危险度指数;选取涉海人口密度、海洋经济密度、海洋一产比重等3个指标,计算承灾体脆弱性指数;综合危险度指数与脆弱性指数计算各县区的海冰灾害风险指数,并绘制风险等级图。该风险等级图揭示了海冰灾害风险在渤海和黄海北部地区海岸带上的分布状况,为中国制定海冰灾害风险防范策略提供参考。     

The inflow of (238)Pu and (239+240)Pu from the Vistula River catchment area to the Baltic Sea

The aim of the work was to estimate plutonium inflow from the Vistula River’s catchments area to the Baltic Sea. There were differences in plutonium activities depending on season and sampling site. The highest activities of ²³⁸Pu and ^239+240Pu were transported from the Vistula River watershed to the Baltic Sea in spring and the lowest in summer. Annually, the southern Baltic Sea is enriched via the Vistula River with 10.3 MBq of ²³⁸Pu and 89.0 MBq of ^239+240Pu. The enhanced concentration of plutonium in water from the Vistula River is the result of its runoff from the Vistula drainage area, mostly from snowmelt, enhanced rainfalls and leached materials from river bed.     

Identification of PAHs Sources in Bivalves and Sediments 5 Years After the Sea Prince Oil Spill in Korea

On 23 July 1995, the oil tanker Sea Prince ran aground near Son Island, off the South Coast of Korea and spilled 5040 tons of crude and fuel oil into the marine environment. The effects of the Sea Prince oil spill on the marine environment have been investigated since 1996. The main objectives of this study were to find out the residual effects of beached oil and transport of dispersed oil into the subtidal area. Twenty-four PARs were analyzed and principal component analysis was performed to elucidate weathering status, bioaccumulation pattern, and input sources. There were signs of bioconcentration of oil-derived PAHs in mussels of stranded oil remained sites. However, environmental factors overwhelmed these so that all the bivalves studied showed similar pattern in the last two sampling campaigns. There was no significant evidence of transport of oil-derived PAHs into the subtidal environment. However, one station showed an exceptionally high concentration (923 ng/g dry weight), which implies the limited input of particle-bound PAHs into this confined area.     

剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附

以剩余污泥为吸附剂,研究其对模拟废水中酸性大红G的吸附条件及吸附机理。结果表明,剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附是一个快速过程,吸附时间可控制在30 min;其吸附过程同时受液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散的影响,可以用假二级动力学模型进行描述和预测;Freundlich方程可以较好地描述剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附行为。污泥未调pH时,对pH<2的溶液中酸性大红G的吸附性能良好;污泥pH为1时,对实验范围(pH<11)溶液中的酸性大红G均可有效吸附;污泥投加量增加,酸性大红G去除率升高,但污泥对酸性大红G的吸附量下降。     

Leaf phenolic compounds in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) induced by exposure to moderately elevated ozone

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), an important feed crop in many parts of the world, is exposed to elevated ozone over large areas. Plants can limit ozone-induced damages by various defence mechanisms. In this work, changes in the concentrations of antioxidant phenolic compounds induced by slightly elevated levels of ozone were determined in red clover leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 31 different phenolics were identified and the most abundant isoflavones and flavonoids were biochanin A glycoside malonate (G-M), formononetin-G-M and quercetin-G-M. Elevated ozone (mean 32.4 ppb) increased the total phenolic content of leaves and also had minor effects on the concentrations of individual compounds. Elevated ozone increased the net photosynthesis rate of red clover leaves before visible injuries by 21-23%. This study thus suggests that the concentrations of phenolics in red clover leaves change in response to slightly elevated ozone levels.     

Performance of some biotic indices in the real variable world: A case study at different spatial scales in North-Western Mediterranean Sea

The aim of this study was to analyse the variability of four different benthic biotic indices (AMBI, BENTIX, H′, M-AMBI) in two marine coastal areas of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. In each coastal area, 36 replicates were randomly selected according to a hierarchical sampling design, which allowed estimating the variance components of the indices associated with four different spatial scales (ranging from metres to kilometres). All the analyses were performed at two different sampling periods in order to evaluate if the observed trends were consistent over the time. The variance components of the four indices revealed complex trends and different patterns in the two sampling periods. These results highlighted that independently from the employed index, a rigorous and appropriate sampling design taking into account different scales should always be used in order to avoid erroneous classifications and to develop effective monitoring programs.     

Radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations of some commercial fish species consumed in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Marine fish is an important daily diet item for the people of Turkey. The Black Sea Region of Turkey was contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in 1986, a comprehensive study was planned and carried out to determine the radioactivity levels (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs) and heavy metal concentrations (As, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb) in four of the most common fish species: Engraulis encrasicholus (anchovy), Oncorhynchus mykiss (trout), Trachurus mediterranus (bluefin) and Merlangius merlangus (whiting) samples collected from eight stations in the Black Sea Region of Turkey during 2010. The dose due to consumption of fish by the public was estimated and it was shown that this dose imposes no threat to human healthy. The concentrations of heavy metal are below the daily intake recommended by the international organizations.     

Modeling the influence of climate change on the mass balance of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Adriatic Sea

Climate forcing is forecasted to influence the Adriatic Sea region in a variety of ways, including increasing temperature, and affecting wind speeds, marine currents, precipitation and water salinity. The Adriatic Sea is intensively developed with agriculture, industry, and port activities that introduce pollutants to the environment. Here, we developed and applied a Level III fugacity model for the Adriatic Sea to estimate the current mass balance of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Sea, and to examine the effects of a climate change scenario on the distribution of these pollutants. The model’s performance was evaluated for three PCB congeners against measured concentrations in the region using environmental parameters estimated from the 20th century climate scenario described in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) by the IPCC, and using Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. We find that modeled fugacities of PCBs in air, water and sediment of the Adriatic are in good agreement with observations. The model indicates that PCBs in the Adriatic Sea are closely coupled with the atmosphere, which acts as a net source to the water column. We used model experiments to assess the influence of changes in temperature, wind speed, precipitation, marine currents, particulate organic carbon and air inflow concentrations forecast in the IPCC A1B climate change scenario on the mass balance of PCBs in the Sea. Assuming an identical PCBs’ emission profile (e.g. use pattern, treatment/disposal of stockpiles, mode of entry), modeled fugacities of PCBs in the Adriatic Sea under the A1B climate scenario are higher because higher temperatures reduce the fugacity capacity of air, water and sediments, and because diffusive sources to the air are stronger.     

The Challenge of Bridging Science and Policy in the Baltic Sea Eutrophication Governance in Finland: The perspective of Science

This article examines the views of scientists on intricacies of scientific knowledge that affect science–policy interface in the Baltic Sea eutrophication governance in Finland. The analysis demonstrates that these intricacies can be divided into five categories: (1) uncertainty of knowledge concerning ecological processes, (2) heterogeneity of knowledge, (3) societal and political call for (certain) knowledge, (4) contingency of the knowledge that ends up taken as a baseline for decision making and further research, and (5) linkages of knowledge production, processing, and communication to particular characteristics of individual researchers and research societies. By explicating these aspects, this article illustrates the ways in which scientific knowledge concerning eutrophication is human-bound and susceptible to interpretation, thus adding on to the uncertainty of the Baltic Sea environmental governance. The aim is, then, to open up perspectives on how ambiguities related to science–policy interface could be coped with.