渤海和北黄海有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分布特征和季节变化

采集了2016年的4、8、12月和2017年2月渤海和北黄海表、中、底海水样品,分析了海水中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,探讨了渤海和北黄海海域CDOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节变化.结果表明,不同季节CDOM分布相似,呈近岸高、远海低的分布特征.吸收系数a(355)和光谱斜率S275-295呈显著负相关,说明CDOM受到陆源输入的显著影响.垂直分布上,8月,受强烈的光降解作用影响,表层CDOM含量最低. 2月,底层CDOM含量最低,这可能与受光照影响的初级生产力在水下分布不均匀有关.从2016年4月～2017年2月,CDOM含量先上升后下降,12月含量最高,2月含量最低. CDOM的季节变化主要受陆源输入和浮游植物生物量的季节变化控制.以光谱斜率S275-295表征CDOM的平均分子量,2月由于陆源输入最少,CDOM平均分子量最小.夏季光降解强烈,将部分大分子量有机物降解成小分子量有机物,小分子量有机物增加,因此,8月CDOM的平均分子量小于4月和12月.     

The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review

Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe₃O₄ in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O₃-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl₂ treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.     

黄海溶解无机氮时空变化及其水团对DIN总量的影响

本文根据2013~2016年4个航次调查资料,研究了黄海水体中溶解无机氮（DIN）的时空变化及其总量影响因素.结果表明：春、夏、秋和冬季黄海调查海域DIN平均浓度分别为（5.43±4.02）,（4.47±3.16）,（7.46±3.56）和（5.09±2.59）μmol/L.其中,秋季浓度最高,夏季最低;黄海调查海域各季节DIN的分布呈现近岸高、外海低的变化规律,近岸高值点多集中在长江口以北、山东半岛和辽东半岛等处.春~秋季影响DIN分布的因素主要是陆源输入和浮游植物的生长繁殖,冬季则主要是河流输入和沉积物再悬浮作用.四季在中央海域底层还存在一个高值区（>6μmol/L）,主要受黄海冷水团和黄海暖流等共同影响;通过聚类分析法对黄海四季水团进行了基本划分,调查海域主要包括5个水团：黄海混合水团、黄海冷水团、黄海暖流水、沿岸水团和黄东海混合水团,除黄海混合水团终年存在外,其他水团均为季节性存在;调查海域DIN总量四季差异不大,整体含量介于1.0×10⁶~1.5×10⁶t,春、夏、秋和冬季DIN总量分别约为1.2×10⁶,1.0×10⁶,1.5×10⁶和1.3×10⁶t.春季和夏季受浮游植物吸收影响,DIN总量略低,从水团对DIN总量的贡献上来看,春季以黄海暖流为主,夏季以黄海冷水团为主,秋、冬季以黄海混合水团为主.     

环渤海地区碳排放影响因素分解及其差异研究

在Kaya公式的基础上对环渤海地区碳排放影响因素进行了分解,并对各省市碳排放状况进行了对比分析。结果发现,环渤海地区碳排放量大致呈现持续均匀的增长趋势。其碳排放主要受能源结构、碳排放系数、能源强度、产业结构、经济规模5个因素影响。各省市碳排放量均呈加速增长趋势,能源结构仍以煤炭为主,产业结构有待优化。结合研究结果,从加强低碳技术创新、优化能源消费结构、开发绿色能源、宣传低碳观念角度提出了相关碳减排建议。     

Evaluation of Operational National Weather Service Gridded Flash Flood Guidance over the Arkansas Red River Basin

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service (NWS) flash flood warnings are issued by Weather Forecast Offices and are underpinned by information from the Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) system operated by the River Forecast Centers (RFCs). This study focuses on the quantitative evaluation and limitations of the FFG system using reported flash flood cases in 2010 and 2011. The flash flood reports were obtained from the NWS Storm Event database for the Arkansas‐Red Basin RFC (ABRFC). The current FFG system at the ABRFC provides gridded flash flood guidance (GFFG) system using the NWS Hydrology Laboratory‐Research Distributed Hydrologic Model to translate the upper zone soil moisture to estimates of Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers. Comparisons of the GFFG and real‐time Multisensor Precipitation Estimator‐derived Quantitative Precipitation Estimate for the same duration and location were used to analyze the success of the system. Typically, the six‐hour duration was characterized by higher probability of detection values than the three‐hour duration, which highlights the difficulty of hydrologic process estimation for shorter time scales. The current system does not take into account physical characteristics such as land use, including irrigated agricultural farm and urban areas, hence, overly dry soil moisture estimates over these areas can lower the success rate of the GFFG product.     

Particulate Organic Matter Composition in A Semi-Enclosed Marine System

Spatial and temporal changes in the biochemical composition of particulate organic matter in a semi-enclosed marine system (Stagnone di Marsala, Mediterranean Sea) were studied, on a monthly basis, from January to December 1994, in order to assess nutritional value of suspended particles for benthic suspension feeders. According to previous findings, the study site displayed a strong oligotrophy. Chlorophyll-a accounted for a very low fraction of the total suspended matter pool (0.1%), whereas at least 75% of POC was of detrital/heterotrophic origin. POC: PON ratio values indicate that bacterioplankton biomass accounted for a significant fraction of the total POC pool, displaying values comparable to those of the phytoplankton biomass (phytoplankton to bacterial biomass ratio was about (1). Temporal and spatial changes in the biochemical composition of particulate organic matter were rather limited and related to its sources, the main of which is represented by detrital particles released by the Posidonia oceanica (L.) beds. the comparison between our results and those encountered in other coastal lagoons indicates that the low abundance of suspension-feeding organisms observed in the study area is related to the “quality depression” of particles due to the dilution of high quality compounds (i.e., biopolymeric carbon) in a largely inorganic matrix. This result leads us to conclude that, to reach the same amount of high quality particulate food, a suspension feeder mollusc in the Marsala lagoon would need to filter a sea water volume around 3 times higher than in other Mediterranean coastal lagoons.     

25 years of salt marsh erosion in Essex: Implications for coastal defence and nature conservation

This paper presents the results from a study which was undertaken to monitor, map and quantify salt marsh change along 440 km of shoreline within the county of Essex, south-east England, between 1973 and 1998. Results indicate that during this 25-yr period, 1000 ha of salt marsh has been lost in Essex, primarily due to coastal erosion. This figure represents ca. 25% of the total salt-marsh area originally present in Essex in 1973. The salt marshes of Essex are important nature conservation areas, with many sites designated as Special Protection Areas under the EC Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) and as Special Areas of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Salt marshes are also natural features which significantly dissipate wave and tidal energy, thereby playing an important role in contributing to effective coastal defence. The large-scale loss of salt marsh in Essex has, therefore, implications for both nature conservation and flood defence. Potential hypotheses for, and implications of such losses are discussed in this paper, together with the identification of potential management approaches to alleviate the losses.     

地震学综合定量预报方法在华东地区的应用研究

根据周翠英等提出的ZSIP计算方法 ,对华东地区地震比较集中的南黄海地区进行以 3°×3°范围的时间扫描 ,结果表明该方法在重点监视区南黄海预报效能较好 ,预报效能评分R =0 .397,通过R值检验。     

Use of remote sensing for the characterization of the Mediterranean coastal environment—the case ofPosidonia oceanica

The beds ofPosidonia oceanica, a marine vascular plant species endemic to the Mediterranean, form a major Mediterranean marine ecosystem. These beds are well-developed along the sandy east coast of Corsica, where the continental shelf is wide and extends for ca. 100 km. The upper limit of this ecosystem has been mapped by means of a computer image processing technique using 1/20 000 colour photographs. One of the major problems for image processing in the marine environment is the impact of the water layer (of variable thickness and quality), which can result in variations of the spectral signature for a particular vegetation or bottom type. In an attempt to reduce the impact of this artefact, a processing technique that takes into account bathymetric factors has been tested. Cartographical data obtained for an area extending from Bastia to Solenzara are presented. In the vicinity of the mouths of coastal rivers, a systematic indentation of the upper limit of the seagrass beds has been revealed. On the basis of these results, local variations in the quality of the marine environment can be detected, in particular with regard to salinity, turbidity and/or the impact of sedimentation. The overall surface area of thePosidonia oceanica beds has also been calculated.