菌株Acinetobacter sp.C-2对酸性红GR的脱色研究

近年来,生物法处理染料废水已成为国内外的研究热点。文章实验室通过梯度驯化,从土壤中分离筛选得到一株能有效脱色磺基化偶氮染料酸性红GR的菌株C-2,根据16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定为Acinetobacter sp.。采用表面响应法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)对菌株C-2脱色酸性红GR的主要影响因素进行了优化,实验结果表明最优条件为:接种量17.5 g/L,酸性红GR初始浓度100 mg/L,酵母粉浓度2.50 g/L,果糖浓度3.00 g/L。在该条件下,14 h内脱色率可达99%。同时,利用Haldane方程对菌株的脱色动力学进行拟合,最大脱色速率vmax、亲和常数Ks和抑制常数Ksi分别为328.33 mg/(g.h)、309.69 mg/L和1 365.83 mg/L,并且经计算,最佳脱色速率和GR浓度分别为105.91 mg/goh、650.37 mg/L。研究结果表明菌株C-2具有较高的偶氮染料脱色活性,用于实际染料废水的生物修复具有较好的应用前景。     

渤海和北黄海有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分布特征和季节变化

采集了2016年的4、8、12月和2017年2月渤海和北黄海表、中、底海水样品,分析了海水中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,探讨了渤海和北黄海海域CDOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节变化.结果表明,不同季节CDOM分布相似,呈近岸高、远海低的分布特征.吸收系数a(355)和光谱斜率S275-295呈显著负相关,说明CDOM受到陆源输入的显著影响.垂直分布上,8月,受强烈的光降解作用影响,表层CDOM含量最低. 2月,底层CDOM含量最低,这可能与受光照影响的初级生产力在水下分布不均匀有关.从2016年4月～2017年2月,CDOM含量先上升后下降,12月含量最高,2月含量最低. CDOM的季节变化主要受陆源输入和浮游植物生物量的季节变化控制.以光谱斜率S275-295表征CDOM的平均分子量,2月由于陆源输入最少,CDOM平均分子量最小.夏季光降解强烈,将部分大分子量有机物降解成小分子量有机物,小分子量有机物增加,因此,8月CDOM的平均分子量小于4月和12月.     

The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review

Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe₃O₄ in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O₃-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl₂ treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.     

黄海溶解无机氮时空变化及其水团对DIN总量的影响

本文根据2013~2016年4个航次调查资料,研究了黄海水体中溶解无机氮（DIN）的时空变化及其总量影响因素.结果表明：春、夏、秋和冬季黄海调查海域DIN平均浓度分别为（5.43±4.02）,（4.47±3.16）,（7.46±3.56）和（5.09±2.59）μmol/L.其中,秋季浓度最高,夏季最低;黄海调查海域各季节DIN的分布呈现近岸高、外海低的变化规律,近岸高值点多集中在长江口以北、山东半岛和辽东半岛等处.春~秋季影响DIN分布的因素主要是陆源输入和浮游植物的生长繁殖,冬季则主要是河流输入和沉积物再悬浮作用.四季在中央海域底层还存在一个高值区（>6μmol/L）,主要受黄海冷水团和黄海暖流等共同影响;通过聚类分析法对黄海四季水团进行了基本划分,调查海域主要包括5个水团：黄海混合水团、黄海冷水团、黄海暖流水、沿岸水团和黄东海混合水团,除黄海混合水团终年存在外,其他水团均为季节性存在;调查海域DIN总量四季差异不大,整体含量介于1.0×10⁶~1.5×10⁶t,春、夏、秋和冬季DIN总量分别约为1.2×10⁶,1.0×10⁶,1.5×10⁶和1.3×10⁶t.春季和夏季受浮游植物吸收影响,DIN总量略低,从水团对DIN总量的贡献上来看,春季以黄海暖流为主,夏季以黄海冷水团为主,秋、冬季以黄海混合水团为主.     

3种钢材在东海初期腐蚀速率的空间变异分析

为了研究X80、EH36和45#钢在东海海域42个站位的初期腐蚀速率.通过动电位极化曲线法获取出海实测的X80、45#和EH36钢2019年9月在东海42个站位的初期腐蚀速率数据,并以地统计学方法对数据进行分析,探索研究区内3种钢材初期腐蚀速率的空间分布及其变异特征,绘制初期腐蚀速率预测图.对于每一种钢材初期腐蚀速率的空间分布,45#钢在西南部高,东北部低;EH36钢在东北部高,西南部低;而X80钢靠近长江口海域低,其他海域高.X80、45#、EH36钢在东海的平均初期腐蚀速率分别为0.42、0.49、0.17 mm/a,并且3种钢材在东海初期腐蚀速率分布的空间变异特征明显,空间自相关性强,X80、45#、EH36钢的块金值分别为0.0148、0.0044、0.0017,变程为1000～2000 km.     

环渤海地区碳排放影响因素分解及其差异研究

在Kaya公式的基础上对环渤海地区碳排放影响因素进行了分解,并对各省市碳排放状况进行了对比分析。结果发现,环渤海地区碳排放量大致呈现持续均匀的增长趋势。其碳排放主要受能源结构、碳排放系数、能源强度、产业结构、经济规模5个因素影响。各省市碳排放量均呈加速增长趋势,能源结构仍以煤炭为主,产业结构有待优化。结合研究结果,从加强低碳技术创新、优化能源消费结构、开发绿色能源、宣传低碳观念角度提出了相关碳减排建议。     

Evaluation of Operational National Weather Service Gridded Flash Flood Guidance over the Arkansas Red River Basin

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service (NWS) flash flood warnings are issued by Weather Forecast Offices and are underpinned by information from the Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) system operated by the River Forecast Centers (RFCs). This study focuses on the quantitative evaluation and limitations of the FFG system using reported flash flood cases in 2010 and 2011. The flash flood reports were obtained from the NWS Storm Event database for the Arkansas‐Red Basin RFC (ABRFC). The current FFG system at the ABRFC provides gridded flash flood guidance (GFFG) system using the NWS Hydrology Laboratory‐Research Distributed Hydrologic Model to translate the upper zone soil moisture to estimates of Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers. Comparisons of the GFFG and real‐time Multisensor Precipitation Estimator‐derived Quantitative Precipitation Estimate for the same duration and location were used to analyze the success of the system. Typically, the six‐hour duration was characterized by higher probability of detection values than the three‐hour duration, which highlights the difficulty of hydrologic process estimation for shorter time scales. The current system does not take into account physical characteristics such as land use, including irrigated agricultural farm and urban areas, hence, overly dry soil moisture estimates over these areas can lower the success rate of the GFFG product.     

Geochemical forms of trace metals in mangrove sediments—Red Sea (Egypt)

Seven sediment samples from mangrove sediments of the Red Sea were taken in order to evaluate the possible contamination of the sediments by trace metals (iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)). Sequential extraction techniques were performed to study the different geochemical forms of these metals. X-ray diffraction analysis has been performed to correlate the mineralogical composition with the geochemical forms of the studied elements. The results of Fe and Mn contents indicate that they are in large part from lithogenous origin. The elevated concentrations are associated with the residual form ranged from 70 to 93% for Fe and 46 to 70% for Mn. The percentage of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the non-residual form was much greater than that of the residual fractions. This reflects the high mobility and bioavailability of these metals in mangrove sediments of the Red Sea. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of silicate components including quartz, feldspars and clay minerals in some locality. Non-silicate components recorded in the study area as calcite as well as, Mg-calcite. Quantitatively both components i.e. silicate and carbonate varied according to their source material.     

Estimate of sea loading by pollutants originating from the littoral counties in the Republic of Croatia

The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.