Marine mineral resources: Effect of the low of the sea convention

The degree of security of investment afforded by the applicable legal regime is one of the most important factors affecting minerals projects. This article outlines the deep-sea mining regime contained in the recently adopted Law of the Sea Convention. A history of subsea mining, including petroleum mining, is presented and the events leading to adoption of the Convention are described. Those parts of the Convention relating to deep-sea mining are analysed, and the International Sea-Bed Authority is examined. It is concluded that deep-sea mining on a commercial scale is unlikely before the end of the decade.     

Distribution of the Anthozoan Metridium senile fibriatum (Verril) on the Rocky Sublittoral of the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands, Sea of Japan

The distribution of the anthozoan Metridium senile fibriatum on the rocky sublittoral of the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands at depths of 2–15 m has been investigated in relation to abiotic environmental factors. Together with the bivalve Crenomytilus grayanus, M. senile fibriatum dominates on rocky grounds in the upper sublittoral zone of open seaward coasts in the southern part of Peter the Great Bay. There is a significant dependence of its distribution on the intensity of water exchange and the bottom slope. The largest aggregations of M. senile fibriatum are found at depths over 10 m on vertical walls located at an acute angle or parallel to the prevailing directions of wave flows and in shallow gaping crevices with a stable direction of water flows. Anthozoans are absent from the rough rocky surface of the upper 5-m horizon and from relatively smooth walls exposed to wind waves at depths of less than 2 m. On the surfaces located at right angles to oncoming waves, the abundance of anthozoans drastically decreases.     

南黄海6.1级地震及其跟踪预报过程

描述了１９９６年１１月９日南黄海６．１级地震的参数、序列特征、地震构造背景及其跟踪预报过程，并对有关问题进行了讨论     

南黄海6.1级地震构造背景分析

在分析了地质构造、地球物理场、地震活动性、地震烈度和地壳应力场等资料的基础上，认为长江口外的崇明东凹陷及其相关的北东、北西向隐伏断裂，对１９９６年南黄海６．１级地震的发生可能具有一定的控制作用     

Relief workers and violations of humanitarian law: Some legal considerations

This paper examines the various legal constraints upon action by relief workers when faced with violations of human rights or of humanitarian law. The unique status of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and its delegates is explained and contrasted with the position of relief organizations and their personnel under the Geneva Conventions 1949 and their Additional Protocol I 1977. Proposals are made for the establishment of guidelines for action by relief workers when confronted with atrocities and for the training of relief workers in the relevant laws and procedures.     

渤海鳀鱼产卵场关键影响因素识别及变迁预测

为识别影响渤海鳀鱼产卵场分布的关键因素并预测产卵场的未来变迁,采用地理加权回归（GWR）方法,建立了渤海鳀鱼产卵场分布的GWR回归模型,分析了鳀鱼鱼卵分布与环境因子的关系,进而结合海表温度、盐度变化趋势,预测了未来渤海鳀鱼产卵场空间分布的变迁.结果表明,表层海水的温度、硅酸盐浓度、盐度和海水深度是对鳀鱼产卵场分布贡献较大的因素,其回归系数平均值依次为1.296、-1.133、-0.374和0.521,在未来海表温度、盐度变化情景下,一方面,渤海鳀鱼产卵场总面积将呈现缩小的趋势,最大可收缩为现有面积的47%,特别是渤海湾东北部鳀鱼产卵场明显收缩;另一方面,鳀鱼产卵场的密集区会发生迁移,如在辽东湾将出现新的产卵场密集区.GWR方法可以识别变量的空间非平稳性,应用其预测鳀鱼产卵场的未来变迁,可为渤海生态综合管理提供科学依据.     

嵊泗海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染水平、分子组成及源识别

嵊泗海域是舟山渔场的重要组成部分,属于国家海洋特别保护区.为了解嵊泗海域表层沉积物中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的污染特征及潜在风险,于2017年6月采集了嵊泗海域18个站点的表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术确定PAHs质量分数及其分子组成,运用特征分子比值法和主成分分析法识别PAHs来源,并采用质量基准法与质量标准法对沉积物中PAHs潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:①除了Ace与Act外,其他14种PAHs均被检出.除A1站点外,w（Phe）最高,w（Flra）次之.检出的PAHs以3环和4环为主,占总量的71.21%,不同环数PAHs占比大小依次为3环> 4环> 5环> 2环> 6环.w（∑₁₄PAHs）范围为46.38~196.36 ng/g,平均值为109.40 ng/g.整体分布上,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）呈近岸高于远岸的分布特征.②嵊泗海域表层沉积物中PAHs以煤炭、柴油和生物质等燃烧源为主,部分站点同时受到燃烧源与石油源影响.③各站点的w（∑₁₄PAHs）均低于ERL和OEL,表明嵊泗海域潜在生态风险较小.④与国内外其他区域相比,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）处于较低污染水平,尚不足以对当地渔业生态环境造成负面影响,但作为我国重要"蓝色粮仓",仍应加强其陆源排放监管.      

Hygroscopic properties of sodium and potassium salts as related to saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols

Mineral dust, soil, and sea salt aerosols are among the most abundant primary inorganic aerosols in the atmosphere, and their hygroscopicity affects the hydrological cycle and global climate. We investigated the hygroscopic behaviors of six Na- and K-containing salts commonly found in those primary organic aerosols. Their hygroscopic growths as a function of relative humidity (RH) agree well with thermodynamic model prediction. Temperature dependence of deliquescence RH (DRH) values for five of those salts was also investigated, which are comparable to those in literature within 1%–2% RH, most showing negative dependence on temperature. Hygroscopic growth curves of real-world soil and sea salt samples were also measured. The hygroscopic growths of two more-hydroscopic saline soil samples and of sea salt can be predicted by the thermodynamic model based on the measured water-soluble ionic composition. The substantial amounts of water-soluble ions, including Na⁺ and K⁺, in saline soil samples imply that even nascent saline soil samples are quite hygroscopic at high-RH (>80%) conditions. For three less-hygroscopic dust samples, however, measurements showed higher water uptake ability than that predicted by the thermodynamic model. The small amount of water taken up by less-hygroscopic dust samples suggests that dust particles might contain thin layers of water even to very low RH. The results of this study provide a comprehensive characterization of the hygroscopicity of Na- and K-containing salts as related to their roles in the hygroscopic behaviors of saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols.     

光腔衰荡光谱法走航连续观测海表大气中氧化亚氮

基于最新型Picarro G5101i型光腔衰荡光谱仪,自行设计并集成了适用于海表大气氧化亚氮的船基走航连续观测系统.实验室测试结果显示,该系统准确度优于1.4×10-9mol·mol-1,精密度优于0.2×10-9mol·mol-1.通过搭载2017年春季黄海和东海综合调查航次,首次在我国开展了海表大气中氧化亚氮的船载走航式连续观测研究.实践证明,该系统操作简便,运行稳定可靠,可获取高频率高精度的海表大气氧化亚氮摩尔分数数据.同时,基于实际观测工作,初步优化建立了相应的数据质量控制和处理方法,为获取具有国际可比性的观测数据奠定了基础.观测结果显示,春季黄海和东海海表大气中氧化亚氮的摩尔分数范围为(331.0~345.1)×10-9mol·mol-1,平均值为(333.5±1.4)×10-9mol·mol-1.     

基于GIS的我国渤海1952~2016年赤潮时空分布

收集了渤海海域自1952年有赤潮发生记录以来长达65a的相关资料,采用地理信息系统（GIS）技术研究了该海域赤潮发生的时空分布特征,并对其危害程度进行了评估.研究结果表明,渤海赤潮发生最频繁的区域为渤海湾北部、辽东湾西部和东部的海域;渤海共发生赤潮189次,其中影响面积超过1000km²的有21次;2000年以后,赤潮发生频率在明显增加;在6、7和8月份赤潮发生次数最多,分别占总次数的26%、22%和21%;由夜光藻、中肋骨条藻和原甲藻引发的赤潮次数分别为65、11和10次;发生在渤海湾西部、辽东湾西部以及黄河口海域的赤潮对海洋生态危害最大.首次以可视化的方法全方位展现和认识了渤海海域65a来赤潮发生的范围、分布与特点,实现了对该地区发生赤潮信息的整合与处理.这一方法对其他海域赤潮研究亦具有借鉴价值.