基于灰色关联分析的工业行业资源环境节约水平评价——以南京市为例

构建了工业行业资源环境节约水平评价指标体系,结合灰色关联分析方法建立了工业行业资源环境节约水平评价模型,并运用灰色关联分析原理依据灰色关联度的大小划分了工业行业资源环境节约水平的等级标准。在此基础上,以南京市为例,对工业行业的资源环境节约水平进行了评价,结果表明,南京市的13个工业行业的资源环境节约水平可以分为四个等级,并且文章结合行业产值贡献水平,提出了各工业行业发展的调控方向。     

Ce-PbO_2/C电极的制备及其去除水中酸性红B

采用电沉积法制备铈修饰的PbO2/C电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS及循环伏安对PbO2/C、Ce-PbO2/C电极进行表征,结果表明,Ce-PbO2/C电极比PbO2/C颗粒细小,表面均匀致密,电化学氧化能力较强,修饰电极中Ce以CeO2的形态存在。以Ce-PbO2/C为工作电极,电解浓度为1 000 mg/L的高盐酸性红B模拟活性染料废水,考察了电压、pH、电解质浓度、极间距对脱色率、氨氮去除率及COD去除率的影响。确定适宜工艺条件为：初始酸性红B溶液浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH值为6,电压10 V,电解时间1 h,电极间距1.5 cm,该条件下脱色率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率分别为99.98%、97.23%和90.17%。通过UV-Vis及GC-MS初步分析了降解过程可能存在的中间产物及降解途径。     

城市环境空间规划管控体系的构建——以广州市为例

通过叙述国内环境空间规划体系发展历程,总结国内在开展城市环境空间管控方面的主要做法和经验,以广州市为研究案例提出在城市尺度建立环境空间规划管控体系的总体架构和技术思路,为城市环境规划和空间规划管理提供参考。     

岱海流域水资源可持续利用研究

本文通过对岱海流域水资源进行深入的调查，研究和分析岱海流域水资源所面临的水量、水质以及环境生态问题，得出岱海流域水资源以及水环境问题的成因，提出岱海流域环境、资源、人口、社会经济相协调的可持续发展方案。     

The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen

Different loci within the genome of a single species can potentially coevolve in a manner that is analogous to the Red Queen process among species. The major factor driving this antagonistic coevolution among loci is intergenomic conflict, i.e., discord between individuals that is mediated by two or more gene products that are derived from different gene loci. We conclude that antagonistic coevolution is common among loci that code for social interactions, and that it has broad evolutionary implications, especially in the context of speciation and sex chromosome evolution. Received: 15 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 14 April 1997     

Distribution of some trace metals and their fluxes in the Genesee River,NY

Total and particulate metal concentrations, measured during intensive synoptic studies of the Genesee River, NY, correlated with suspended-sediment concentration and river discharge. Dissolved metal concentrations, on the other hand, showed little systematic variation over the length of the river. Metal and sediment fluxes for two elevated-discharged periods peaked at a midbasin sampling site. For most metals at most sampling sties particulate materials comprised over one-half of the total material. Comparison of particulate material metal concentrations, normalized to the measured suspended-sediment concentrations had with basinwide average values shows that sites having low suspended-sediment concentrations had high particulate material metal contents relative to the basin averages, while sites with high suspended-sediment concentration had low metal contents. These results are consistent with a metal transport mechanism in the Genesee River involving (1) a nearly constant dissolved component, (2) a fine acid-soluble component, and (3) a coarse component that is effectively a neutral diluent in the sediment. Chemical factors, such as sediment organic content, also appear to affect metal transport in the Genesee River.     

WATER RESOURCES OF MEXICO1

The aim of this paper, based fundamentally on the experiences and data obtained by staff members of the Secretaria de Recursos Hidráulicos, is to present a general view of the water resources of the Mexican territory. Unfortunately, there does not exist a rational and adequate distribution of those resources, due to a great number of factors, mainly natural, which we must control to attain a convenient rationalization to meet the requirements of a growing population and industry.     

When all life counts in conservation

Conservation science involves the collection and analysis of data. These scientific practices emerge from values that shape who and what is counted. Currently, conservation data are filtered through a value system that considers native life the only appropriate subject of conservation concern. We examined how trends in species richness, distribution, and threats change when all wildlife count by adding so-called non-native and feral populations to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List and local species richness assessments. We focused on vertebrate populations with founding members taken into and out of Australia by humans (i.e., migrants). We identified 87 immigrant and 47 emigrant vertebrate species. Formal conservation accounts underestimated global ranges by an average of 30% for immigrants and 7% for emigrants; immigrations surpassed extinctions in Australia by 52 species; migrants were disproportionately threatened (33% of immigrants and 29% of emigrants were threatened or decreasing in their native ranges); and incorporating migrant populations into risk assessments reduced global threat statuses for 15 of 18 species. Australian policies defined most immigrants as pests (76%), and conservation was the most commonly stated motivation for targeting these species in killing programs (37% of immigrants). Inclusive biodiversity data open space for dialogue on the ethical and empirical assumptions underlying conservation science.     

Carotenoid-based colouration and ultraviolet reflectance of the sexual ornaments of grouse

Among the most familiar sexual signals are red, yellow, and orange sexual traits pigmented by carotenoids. Many birds can detect near-ultraviolet (UV) light, and UV signals can play key roles in mate choice. Grouse (Tetraonidae) exhibit bright carotenoid-dependent sexual ornaments, their supra-orbital combs, which to humans appear orange-red. Combs also reflect in the UV, which is not visible to humans but is likely to be visible to grouse. In male red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, we show that comb UV reflectance decreases with increasing comb size and redness. By removing the epidermis of combs, where carotenoid pigments are, we show that the UV reflectance is a property of the dermis, underneath the red pigmented epidermis. Carotenoid pigmentation of combs acted as a mask to reduce reflectance by the dermis in the range 400–550 nm and in the UV, 300–400 nm. Patagium skin (non-ornamental skin under the wing) also reflects in the UV, but epidermis removal on this bare part tended to reduce UV reflectance, whereas removal of the red epidermis of combs increased UV reflectance. Males in better condition (greater body mass relative to size) had bigger and redder combs, but with less UV. Thus, carotenoid pigments of grouse combs are deposited on a white background with significant UV reflectance, which can influence how the signal is perceived by conspecifics. Carotenoid-based traits exhibit UV reflectance in a number of species, but how UV reflectance and carotenoid pigmentation influence colour remains little known for integumentary ornaments compared to plumage traits. UV vision is not uncommon in birds and other animals, so future studies should investigate how UV reflectance influences the perception of carotenoid-based signals of quality.     

Contribution of the Natura 2000 Network to Biodiversity Conservation in Italy

Abstract:  The Natura 2000 network is the most important conservation effort being implemented in Europe. Nevertheless, no comprehensive and systematic region—or nationwide evaluation of the effectiveness of the network has been conducted. We used habitat suitability models and extent of occurrence of 468 species of vertebrates to evaluate the contribution of the Natura 2000 network to biodiversity conservation in Italy. We also estimated the population size of 101 species inside the Natura 2000 network to assess its capacity to maintain or improve the population status of listed species. In general the Italian Natura 2000 did not seem to integrate existing protected areas well. The Natura 2000 network increased from 11% to 20% the area devoted to conservation in Italy and the coverage provided to areas with high biodiversity. Nevertheless, some areas with high numbers of species were devoid of conservation areas, and more than 50% of the highly irreplaceable areas were not considered in the system. Moreover, the Natura 2000 network cannot maintain 44–80% (depending on the taxa considered) of the species in a "favorable conservation status" under World Conservation Union Red List criteria. The Natura 2000 network is probably stronger than the results of our analyses suggest. The system is based on a site-specific expert-based strategy and is driven by direct and detailed knowledge of local diversity. Nevertheless, if Natura 2000 is taken to represent the final point of all the EU conservation policies, it will inevitably fail. Its role in conservation could be enhanced by integrating the Natura 2000 system into a more general strategy that considers natural processes and the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying these processes.