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991.
Megan V. Brachtl Carlos Paez Perez Jorge Oviedo 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):528-536
Motor vehicles are a major source of air pollution in Quito, Ecuador; however, little work has been done to characterize spatial and temporal variations in traffic-related pollutants, or to measure pollutants in vehicle emissions. We measured PAH continuously for one year at two residential sites in Quito, and PAH and traffic patterns for one week near a busy roadway. Morning rush-hour traffic and temperature inversions caused daily PAH maxima between 06:00 and 08:00. SO2, NOx, CO, and PM2.5 behaved similarly. At the residential sites PAH levels during inversions were 2-3-fold higher than during the afternoon, and 10-16-fold higher than 02:00-03:00 when levels were lowest. In contrast, at the near-roadway site, PAH concentrations were 3-6-fold higher than at the residential sites, and the effects of inversions were less pronounced. Cars and buses accounted for >95% of PAH at the near-roadway site. Near-roadway PAH concentrations were comparable to other polluted cities. 相似文献
992.
This paper describes the behaviour of 137Cs in Lago Maggiore and other pre-alpine lakes as a consequence of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing fallout and the fallout from the nuclear accident in Chernobyl. It presents data on the 137Cs distribution in tributaries, lake water, bottom sediments and reveals the role of 137Cs as a marker of the sedimentation processes. The run-off of 137Cs from the watershed to the lake is described with a simple compartment model. Measurements of the activity concentration of 137Cs in sediments are compared with the output of a model (diffusion–convection type) which describes the input of 137Cs into and its vertical distribution within the sediment. Varying sedimentation rates (0.05–0.90 g (cm2 y)−1) in Lago Maggiore are compared with data of other authors. Sedimentation rates and total distribution coefficients (of about 105 L kg−1) in Lago Maggiore are discussed and compared with those of Lago di Lugano, Lake Constance, and Lake Vorsee. 相似文献
993.
Cíntia Melazo Dias Kristina Stenström Igor Luiz Bacelar Leão Roberto Ventura Santos Iêda Gomes Nícoli Göran Skog Peter Ekström Rosangela da Silveira Corrêa 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Atmospheric air samples were taken within 3 km from power plants encompassing five different distances and wind directions. Samples were taken between 2002 and 2005 aiming to evaluate the environmental 14C enrichment due to the operation of Brazilian nuclear power plants. The sampling system consisted of a pump connected to a trapping column filled with a 3 M NaOH solution. The trapped CO2 was analyzed for 14C by using a single stage accelerator mass spectrometry (SSAMS). 相似文献
994.
Ling Zhang Lu Wang Kedong Yin Ying Lv Derong Zhang 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):2957-2963
In this study, the natural Cu background concentration and Cu natural and anthropogenic contamination in soil, water and crop were investigated systematically in Huangshi area. The results show that regional geology is the dominant factor controlling the natural Cu background concentration in soil and water, and that pH is important to control the vertical distribution of Cu in soil under the same geographical and climatic conditions. The mineralization of rock bodies causes the natural Cu increase in soil and water, whereas, a large number of mining–smelting plants and chemical works are the main sources of Cu anthropogenic contamination. Cu in naturally and anthropogenically polluted soil displays differences in total and available contents, vertical distribution patterns and physico-chemical properties, the same happens in water. 相似文献
995.
This paper is a response to a recent special issue of Regional Environmental Change, “Quantifying vulnerability to drought from different disciplinary perspectives” (vol. 8, number 4, 2008). In this paper,
we examine some of the challenges facing efforts to understand vulnerability to drought through quantification as they are
manifest in some of the articles in this special issue.
相似文献
Edward R. CarrEmail: |
996.
Salpie Djoundourian 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(2):427-438
The paper reviews and assesses the evolution of the environmental movement in both the public and the private sector in Lebanon.
It studies the public sector involvement in the environmental movement by reviewing the commitments made by the government
to the local, regional and international communities. The paper presents a summary of all the decisions, decrees, and laws
pertaining to environmental protection that the Lebanese government has instituted over time, as well as all the conventions
and agreements that the country has ratified and/or signed. Compared to the Arab world in the Middle East and North Africa,
Lebanon is relatively more active and integrated in the world community. Using the total number of established environmental
organizations and the level of reported activities aimed at spreading environmental awareness and educating people as indicators
of private sector involvement in the environmental movement, the paper concludes that the post war era is characterized by
a significant increase in the number of established organizations. It also concludes that there is a co-movement between economic
and environmental variables.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
997.
Samples of pasture vegetation, mainly Trifolium pratensis, were collected at the Botanic Garden of the University of Bologna during the period 1998-2000 and measured by gamma-spectrometry for determining thoron progeny. Concentrations of 212Pb were between 1.5 and 20 Bq m−2, with individual peaks up to 70 Bq m−2. Soil samples were collected at the same location and physically characterised. Their chemical composition (particularly Th and U) was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Lead-212 on plants mainly originates from dry and wet deposition of this isotope generated in the lower atmosphere by the decay of its short-lived precursor 220Rn, which is produced in the upper soil layers as a member of the natural thorium decay chain and exhales into the atmosphere. Concentrations of 220Rn in the atmosphere depend on (1) the amount of Th present in soil, (2) the radon fraction which escapes from the soil minerals into the soil pore space, (3) its transport into the atmosphere, and (4) its redistribution within the atmosphere. The mobility of radon in soil pore space can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the soil water content, thus being the main factor for varying concentrations of 220Rn and 212Pb in the atmosphere. We present a simple model to predict concentrations of thoron in air and its progeny deposited from the atmosphere, which takes into account varying soil moisture contents calculated by the OPUS code. Results of this model show close agreement with our observations. 相似文献
998.
水资源项目治理中的利益相关方之间相互作用而形成关系网络,这种网络结构会随着项目生命周期发生变化,目前基于单阶段静态网络的研究难以满足这种动态治理角色网络分析的需要。科学合理的分析项目治理社会网络的动态变化,引导其健康发展对提高利益相关方之间的合作水平,进而提高项目成功率意义重大。本文以某大型水资源信息系统项目为例,综合应用社会网络分析与系统动力学方法,分析水资源项目治理社会网络的动态变化过程,构建系统动力学模型,对大型水资源项目系统结构进行仿真模拟,通过敏感性分析,探索控制项目治理风险的有效途径。 相似文献
999.
Neumann T Eilola K Gustafsson B Müller-Karulis B Kuznetsov I Meier HE Savchuk OP 《Ambio》2012,41(6):574-585
In the future, the Baltic Sea ecosystem will be impacted both by climate change and by riverine and atmospheric nutrient inputs. Multi-model ensemble simulations comprising one IPCC scenario (A1B), two global climate models, two regional climate models, and three Baltic Sea ecosystem models were performed to elucidate the combined effect of climate change and changes in nutrient inputs. This study focuses on the occurrence of extreme events in the projected future climate. Results suggest that the number of days favoring cyanobacteria blooms could increase, anoxic events may become more frequent and last longer, and salinity may tend to decrease. Nutrient load reductions following the Baltic Sea Action Plan can reduce the deterioration of oxygen conditions. 相似文献
1000.
Thomas Klein Jaakko Kukkonen ?sl?g Dahl Elissavet Bossioli Alexander Baklanov Aasmund Fahre Vik Paul Agnew Kostas D. Karatzas Mikhail Sofiev 《Ambio》2012,41(8):851-864
This article reviews interactions and health impacts of physical, chemical, and biological weather. Interactions and synergistic effects between the three types of weather call for integrated assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. Today’s air quality legislation falls short of addressing air quality degradation by biological weather, despite increasing evidence for the feasibility of both mitigation and adaptation policy options. In comparison with the existing capabilities for physical and chemical weather, the monitoring of biological weather is lacking stable operational agreements and resources. Furthermore, integrated effects of physical, chemical, and biological weather suggest a critical review of air quality management practices. Additional research is required to improve the coupled modeling of physical, chemical, and biological weather as well as the assessment and communication of integrated air quality. Findings from several recent COST Actions underline the importance of an increased dialog between scientists from the fields of meteorology, air quality, aerobiology, health, and policy makers. 相似文献